Meiosis Practice Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'Diploid' refer to?

  • Fertilized egg
  • Full set of chromosomes (correct)
  • 1/2 set of chromosomes
  • Period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

What is the definition of 'Haploid'?

  • Chromosomes become visible
  • Fertilized egg
  • 1/2 set of chromosomes (correct)
  • Full set of chromosomes

What is a Zygote?

Fertilized egg

What occurs during Interphase?

<p>Period of the cell cycle between cell divisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Prophase 1?

<p>Chromosomes become visible; nuclear envelope breaks down; crossing-over occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Metaphase 1?

<p>Homologous pairs line up in center; spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during Anaphase 1?

<p>The fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward opposite ends of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Telophase 1?

<p>The spindles break down, chromosomes uncoil and form two nuclei, and the cell divides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during Prophase 2?

<p>Chromosomes condense, spindles form in each new cell, and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Metaphase 2?

<p>Centromeres of chromosomes line up randomly at the equator of each cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during Anaphase 2?

<p>The sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Telophase 2?

<p>Chromosomes are single stranded, end up with 4 new cells, cells are haploid, genetically different, nucleus does reappear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the Products of meiosis?

<p>Four cells have formed</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does crossing-over refer to?

<p>Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Diploid

A full set of chromosomes, usually two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent.

Haploid

Half the number of chromosomes found in a diploid cell. Usually one copy of each chromosome.

Zygote

The first cell formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg.

Interphase

The period in the cell cycle when the cell grows and copies its DNA.

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Prophase 1

The first stage of meiosis where chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and genetic material is exchanged.

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Metaphase 1

Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up in the center of the cell. Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes.

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Anaphase 1

Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart, moving to opposite sides of the cell.

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Telophase 1

The final stage of meiosis 1 where the cell divides, nuclear envelopes reappear, and chromosomes uncoil.

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Prophase 2

The first stage of meiosis 2 where chromosomes condense, spindle fibers attach to chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

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Metaphase 2

Chromosomes line up in the middle of each cell, ready to be pulled apart.

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Anaphase 2

Sister chromatids are separated, moving to opposite poles of the cell.

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Telophase 2

The final stage of meiosis 2 where the cells divide, nuclear envelopes reappear, and chromosomes uncoil.

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Products of meiosis

The end products of meiosis, four haploid cells that are genetically different.

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Crossing-over

A process that occurs during Prophase 1 of meiosis. Homologous chromosomes exchange segments of their DNA.

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Study Notes

Key Definitions

  • Diploid: Refers to a cell with a full set of chromosomes, typically represented as 2n.
  • Haploid: A cell containing half the number of chromosomes, represented as n.

Zygote

  • A fertilized egg formed when a sperm cell joins with an egg cell.

Cell Cycle

  • Interphase: The phase of the cell cycle where the cell prepares for division, encompassing growth and DNA replication.

Meiosis Stages

  • Prophase 1: Chromosomes become visible, the nuclear envelope disintegrates, and crossing-over occurs, which increases genetic diversity.
  • Metaphase 1: Homologous pairs of chromosomes align at the cell's equator, with spindle fibers attaching to them.
  • Anaphase 1: Spindle fibers pull homologous chromosomes towards opposite poles of the cell, leading to their separation.
  • Telophase 1: The cells' spindles disassemble, chromosomes relax into chromatin, two nuclei form, and the cell divides through cytokinesis.

Second Meiotic Division

  • Prophase 2: Chromosomes condense again in each of the two new cells, and spindle fibers begin to form.
  • Metaphase 2: Chromosomes align at the equatorial plane of each cell, centromeres positioning is random.
  • Anaphase 2: Sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cells.
  • Telophase 2: Results in four genetically diverse haploid cells with distinct nuclei reappearing after the chromosomes are single stranded.

Final Products

  • Four New Cells: The outcome of meiosis is four cells, each haploid and genetically different from each other and the parent cell.

Crossing-over

  • A genetic exchange process that occurs during prophase 1, allowing homologous chromosomes to swap segments of their chromatids, contributing to genetic variation.

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