MEDS1001/BIOL1008: Human Body and Evolution

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Questions and Answers

What is the estimated number of cells in the human body?

10^13

10^12

10^6

37,000,000,000,000 (correct)

What is the process by which cells die and are replaced by other cells?

Apoptosis (correct)

Mitosis

Meiosis

Fermentation

What is the theory that states that all organisms are made of cells?

Evolution Theory

Theory of Natural Selection

Theory of Inheritance

Cell Theory (correct)

What are the basic tissues that form organs?

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous, and Adipose tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the system that the stomach is a part of?

Digestive System Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept that explains why certain organisms are more likely to reproduce and pass on their traits?

Survival of the Fittest Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate amount of cells lost each year through normal cell death?

Our entire body weight Signup and view all the answers

What is the main obstacle in learning biology?

Language barriers Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of villi and microvilli in the gut and kidneys?

To increase the surface area of organs Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of the complete set of proteins in an organism?

Proteomics Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the risk of developing a disease based on multiple genetic factors?

Polygenic risk Signup and view all the answers

What is the time period it took to complete the first human genome?

13 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi Complex in a cell?

Protein processing and sorting Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the mitochondria in a cell?

ATP production Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the lysosomes in a cell?

Waste disposal Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

Control center of the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?

Protein synthesis and folding Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cytoskeleton in a cell?

Structural support and transport Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Organization and Complexity

The human body is the most complex machine ever to have evolved.
Two major concepts: Evolution and Cell Theory.

Evolution

"Survival of the fittest" concept, where the fittest organisms reproduce most successfully and pass on their traits to the next generation.

Cell Theory

All organisms are made up of cells.
Cells are the basic units of life.
Cells come from pre-existing cells that have multiplied.

Cell Types

Two major classes of cells: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous, and Adipose Tissue.
Cells form tissues that fulfill specific functions.

Tissues and Organs

The basic tissue types combine to form organs.
Organs contain different combinations of basic tissue types, e.g., the stomach.
Organs work together to form organ systems, e.g., the digestive system.

Cells and Body Composition

The human body is made up of approximately 37 trillion cells and water.
Programmed cell death (apoptosis) is a normal part of development.
Around 10^11 cells die in each adult each day and are replaced by other cells.

The Genome

The first human genome was completed in 2003 after 13 years of work, costing $5 billion.
Proteomics and polygenic risk are related concepts.

Anatomy and Physiology

A big barrier in learning biology is language, and understanding anatomical terminology is essential.
The human body can be thought of as a complex system with various components, including energy supply, scaffold, propulsion system, pumps, ventilation, plumbing, purification plant, protection, and control systems.

Human Body Functions

Glucose levels are related to diabetes, while albumin levels are related to renal disease.
Electrolytes and CO2 levels are related to cardiovascular disease.
Balancing acid and base levels is crucial for respiratory and metabolic functions.

Surface Area and Volume

The human body has a high surface area to volume ratio, with the lung alveoli having a surface area equivalent to 0.5 tennis courts.
The gut and kidneys have a similar surface area to volume ratio, with villi and microvilli increasing the surface area.

Bioengineering

Bioengineering involves the application of engineering principles to medical and biological systems.
Examples of bioengineering include exoskeletons, bionic ears, and artificial hearts and kidneys.

Cell Structure and Function

Cells are like factories, surrounded by a cell membrane that can burst.
The cell nucleus is the control center, and it contains nucleolus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
The Golgi complex is responsible for protein processing and sorting, while mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell.
Lysosomes are responsible for waste breakdown and disposal, and the cytoskeleton provides structure, support, and transport.

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Description

Explore the complexities of the human body and the concept of evolution, from 'survival of the fittest' to the environment's impact on organism reproduction.