30 Questions
What was the primary reason for the growth of medieval towns?
Revival of trade and opening of seaport trade centers
What did the guilds oversee in medieval towns?
Trade and production of goods
What did apprentices in medieval towns agree to when signing an agreement with masters?
To be housed, fed, and trained by the masters
What was the primary function of merchant fairs in medieval towns?
To facilitate trade for large cities a few times a year
What opportunity did the mistreatment of Jews in Christian towns provide?
Opportunity for money lending, which was forbidden by Christians
What was the living condition like for poor families in medieval towns?
Small and crowded homes where several families shared a single home
What did wealthy families use the first level of their homes for in medieval towns?
Business operations
What did children of wealthy families typically learn at home in medieval towns?
Painting and playing musical instruments
At what age did girls typically marry and start raising children in medieval towns?
15
What was the primary role of wealthy merchants in medieval towns?
Conducting trade and commerce
What did feudalism provide in exchange for people's loyalty and labor?
Order, safety, and protection
What marked the end of feudalism?
The Plague (Black Death)
What event led to the shift of power from lords to monarchs and peasants?
The 100 Years War
Which city allowed people to become wealthy from trade due to its good location and defensive measures?
Constantinople
Who was known for revising outdated and confusing laws, improving women's property rights, and creating the Justinian Code?
Emperor Justinian I
What was the main cause of the split between the Western and Eastern Christian churches?
The Great Schism
What did Emperor Justinian I launch a military campaign to reclaim?
Parts of North Africa, Italy, and Spain
Which architectural wonder was built by Emperor Justinian I and is considered a model for Orthodox Churches?
Hagia Sophia
'Icons' in the context of the text refers to:
'Painted images of saints, Jesus, and Mary'
'Patriarch', in the hierarchy of the Eastern Orthodox Church, holds what position in matters of religious importance?
'First among equals'
'The Plague (Black Death)' led to a shift in economic social structure primarily due to:
Lack of workers and a change in economic social structure
Who declared icons not allowed, leading to a conflict known as 'Iconoclasm'?
Byzantine Emperor Leo
What was the most feared disease during this period?
Bubonic Plague
What was the main reason for the shift in power from feudal lords to monarchs?
New military technologies
What was the primary role of lords in the feudal society?
Providing military protection to vassals
What led to the decline of feudalism and the rise of centralized monarchies?
Use of military technology
Which war led to a shift in power from nobles to commoners and an increase in nationalism?
The Hundred Years War
What caused the end of feudalism?
Shift in power from feudal lords to monarchs and commoners
How did common law impact the legal system?
It established rulings based on judges' decisions and old traditions
What was the primary cause of the decline of feudal lords' power?
Rise of commoners' power
Study Notes
- People lived in dirty towns with no running water, used privies or chamber pots, and emptied waste into rivers or streams
- Garbage was disposed of in streams or streets, and crowded living conditions allowed for rats and fleas to thrive
- Sick people were isolated, and the most feared disease was bubonic plague, which was often blamed on Jews
- Doctors had limited medical knowledge and relied on prayer and herbs from Greek and Roman times, as well as bloodletting
- Crime was rampant, with pickpockets and thieves targeting money pouches, and punishment was brutal - some were even burned at the stake
- In 1100, common law was created, which established rulings based onjudges' decisions and old traditions
- Bubonic Plague was a deadly disease spread by fleas, causing fever, vomiting, coughing, and swelling bumps
- The plague killed 1/3 of Europe's population, leading to a shift in power from nobles to commoners and an increase in nationalism
- The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) was fought over land claims between England and France, with English forces using innovative military tactics like longbows and gunpowder
- The end of feudalism was caused by the shift in power from feudal lords to monarchs and commoners, as well as the use of military technology and the rise of a national identity.
Feudalism was needed to provide protection from external threats, such as the Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars. In feudal society, lords provided military protection to their vassals in exchange for loyalty and labor. This system allowed for a more stable and secure society in the face of constant threats from outside forces.
The end of feudalism was caused by the shift in power from feudal lords to monarchs and commoners. Monarchs were able to collect taxes and raise large armies, making them less reliant on vassals for military support. Additionally, new military technologies, such as longbows and gunpowder, made knights and castles less important, further weakening the power of the feudal lords. This shift in power led to the decline of feudalism and the rise of centralized monarchies.
Test your knowledge of the growth and development of medieval towns, the impact of improved agriculture, the rise of trade centers, the shift in power from feudal lords to merchants, and the role of guilds in governing and regulating trade.
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