Medicine Vocabulary: Unit 1

• These are study notes based on the vocabulary list related to medicine.

Unit 1: What is Medicine?

• Theater (OR): This is the operating room.
• History: Refers to past events.
• Patient: This is an ill person.
• Admit: Means to allow someone to enter a place.
• Discharge: Means to allow someone to leave a place.
• Antiseptic: Prevents the growth of disease-causing microorganisms.
• Imbalance: Lack of proportion or relation between things.
• Malfunction: Failure to function normally.
• Outpatient: A patient who goes to a hospital for treatment but doesn't stay overnight.
• Transmission: The process of transfer.
• Analysis: Detailed examination of something's elements or structure.
• Dissection: Cutting a body or plant apart to study internal parts.
• Microbiology: The study of living things too small to see without a microscope.
• Microbiologist: A specialist in studying very small living things such as bacteria.
• Cardiologist: A doctor who specializes in heart diseases.
• Cardiology: This is the study of heart diseases.
• Pathologist: A doctor/scientist who studies the causes/effects of diseases.
• Pathology: Study of the causes and effects of diseases.
• Consultant: A doctor who gives expert advice professionally.

Pre-Midterm Vocabulary

• Consultation: Formally discussing or seeking advice.
• Biochemist: An expert in the chemistry of living organisms.
• Biochemistry: The study of chemical processes in living organisms.
• Lens: Clear structure in the eye that helps focus light.
• Conjunctiva: Mucous membrane covering the front of the eye.
• Cornea: Transparent layer forming the front of the eye.
• Functioning: Operating properly.
• Harmful: Causing damage.
• Identify: To establish or indicate what something is.
• Improvement: An example of improving.
• Lucidity: Clarity of expression.
• Mechanism: A natural process by which something happens.
• Medical: Relating to the science of medicine.
• Take the history of the patient: Registering the patient's past medical history.
• Monitor the patient: Spot signs that indicate the progress of the patient's condition.
• Observe the signs: Spot signs that indicate progress.
• Perform the operation: To carry out a surgical procedure.
• Carry out the procedure: To do a standard process.
• Dress the wound: To clean, treat, and bandage a wound.
• Remove the dressing: To take off the treatment and bandage.
• Do the dressing: To wrap the wound with a bandage.
• Open the dressing: To uncover the bandage.
• Change the dressing: To replace the old bandage with a new one.
• Cast a broken limb: To immobilize fractured bones to promote healing.
• Femur: Thigh bone.
• Synovial membrane: Connective tissue that lines joint capsules.
• Synovial Fluid: A thick liquid located between joints.
• Patella: The kneecap.
• Cartilage: Firm, flexible tissue in joints.
• Tibia: The larger of the two bones between the knee and ankle.
• Gauze: Thin, transparent fabric.
• Cast: Shell that holds a broken bone in place.
• Ultrasound: Sound waves used for medical imaging.
• Unborn: Not yet born.
• Premature baby: A baby born before 37 weeks of pregnancy.
• Birth: Emergence of a baby from its mother's body.
• Neonate: A newborn infant under four weeks old.
• Delivery: Labor ending a pregnancy.
• Leak: Break to help in birth.
• Put the patient on a drip: Administering fluids/medications through a vein.
• Suspend the bag on the drip stand: Hang the bag.
• Saline Bag: Intravenous bag containing sodium chloride solution.
• Glucose Bag: Intravenous bag containing a sugar solution.
• Vaccination: Treatment to produce immunity.
• Injection: The act of inserting a needle.
• Pulmonary Valve: Valve controlling blood flow in the heart.
• Tricuspid Valve: Valve between heart's two right chambers.
• Mitral Valve: Heart valve ensuring blood flows correctly.
• Aortic Valve: Connects the left side of your heart with your aorta.
• Fatal Accident: A deadly incident that happens unexpectedly.
• Flow of liquid: The movement of a liquid.
• Prescribe a drug: To provide a legal prescription for a drug.
• Misdiagnosis: Incorrect identification of an illness.
• Diagnose: To identify the nature of an illness.
• Disease: A disorder of structure/function in a human.

Unit 3: Basic Principles in Medicine

• Cell: The basic functional unit of an organism.

• Collagen: Structural protein in skin and tissues.

• Tissue: A group of similar cells functioning as a unit.

• Organ: A self-contained part with a vital function.

• Gland: Organ secreting chemical substances.

• Hormone: Regulatory substance transported to stimulate cells.

• Function of organs: What a body part does.

• Anatomy: Science concerned with body structure.

• Physiology: The study of the normal functions of living parts.

• Physiotherapist: A person who treats disease, injury, or deformity by physical methods.

• Physical: Relating to the body.

• Medical: Relating to the science of medicine.

• Internal: Situated inside.

• Renew: To extend the period of validity of a contract.

• Reproduce: To produce offspring.

• Reshape: To form something differently.

• Cardiovascular System: The heart and blood vessels that supply the body.

• Cardiopathy: Disease or disorder of the heart.

• Blood Circulation: Transport of blood through vessels.

• Heart pumps blood: An active transport mechanism in living cells.

• Blood Vessels: Channels carrying blood throughout the body.

• Aorta: Main artery supplying oxygenated blood.

• Artery: Muscular tubes carrying blood away from the heart.

• Vena Cava: Vein carrying deoxygenated blood to the heart.

• Vein: Tube carrying blood towards the heart.

• Capillary: Fine branching blood vessels.

• Coronary (Heart) Artery: Major blood vessels supplying blood to the heart.

• Spetum: A partition separating two chambers.

• Papillary muscle: Pillar-like muscles within the heart's ventricles.

• Atrium: Upper heart chambers.

• Ventricle: Main chambers of the heart.

• Skeletal System: The body's framework of bones and tissues.

• Immobility: Inability to move.

• Fracture: Rupture of a bone.

• Muscular: Relating to muscles.

• Marrow: Fatty substance in bone cavities where blood cells are produced.

• Platelets: Cell fragments in blood involved in clotting.

• Lymphocyte: White blood cell in lymphatic system.

• Monocyte: A large type of leukocyte.

• Eosinophil: A type of disease-fighting white blood cell.

• Basophil: A type of white blood cell.

• Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell essential to the immune system.

• Skull: Bone framework enclosing the brain.

• Collar bone: Bone joining breastbone to shoulder blades.

• Clavicle: Medical name for collar bone.

• Shoulder Blade: Large, flat bone on the upper back.

• Scapula: Medical name for shoulder blade.

• Humerus: Bone of the upper arm.

• Ulna: Thinner, longer bone in forearm.

• Radius: Thicker, shorter bone in forearm.

• Breastbone: Thin, flat bone.

• Rib: Slender, curved bones protecting thoracic cavity.

• Vertebrae: Small Bones forming the backbone.

• Cervical vertebrae: The seven bones of the neck.

• Thoracic vertebrae: The twelve bones of the thoracic spine.

• Lumbar vertebrae: The bones located in the lower back (L1 to L5)

• Pelvis: Bony frame near the base of the spine.

• Basin Bone: Medical term for pelvis.

• Kneecap: Convex bone in front of the knee joint.

• Fibula: Smaller bone between the knee and ankle.

• Elbow: Joint between the forearm and upper arm.

• Wrist: Joint connecting the hand with the forearm.

• Hip: Projection of pelvis and thigh bone on each side.

• Ankle: Joint connecting the foot with the leg.

• Nails: Horny covering on fingers and toes.

• Digestive System: System for food ingestion, digestion, and absorption.

• Gastrointestinal Tract: Passageway from mouth to anus.

• Gastroenteritis: Intestine lining inflammation.

• Gastroscope: Test to check inside throat, food pipe, and stomach.

• Hyperglycemia: High blood sugar.

• Nutrition: Process of providing food for health and growth.

• Deficient: Lacking a specified quality.

• Intake of Food: Ingestion of nutrients.

• Ingest: To take food or drink by swallowing.

• Tooth/teeth: Hard, bony enamel-coated structures in the jaws.

• Tongue: Muscular organ in the mouth for tasting, etc.

• Epiglottis: Flap covering the windpipe during swallowing.

• Esophagus: Part of the canal connecting throat to stomach.

• Diaphragm: Muscular partition separating thorax from abdomen.

• Stomach: Internal organ where digestion occurs.

• Liver: Organ that cleans blood and produces bile.

• Gallbladder: Small, pear-shaped organ storing bile.

• Pancreas: Gland secreting digestive enzymes.

• Biliary System: Organs and ducts involved in bile production.

• Small Intestines: Digestive portion responsible for nutrient absorption.

• Duodenum: First part of the small intestine.

• Jejunum: Second part of the small intestine.

• Ileum: Third portion of the small intestine.

• Large Intestine: Forms, stores, and excretes waste.

• Cecum: Receives waste from the small intestine.

• Ascending Colon: Beginning part of the colon.

• Transverse colon: Passes horizontally across the abdomen.

• Descending Colon: Part of the intestine on the left, extends from the bend.

• Rectum: Final section of large intestine.

• Anus: The opening at the end of the alimentary canal.

• Sphincter: Muscle surrounding and guarding a body opening.

• Diarrhea: Frequent discharge of liquid feces.

• Vomiting: Ejecting matter from the stomach through the mouth.

• Respiratory System: Organs/tissues for breathing.

• Pulmonologist: Specialist in anatomy, physiology, and pathology of lungs.

• Cardiothoracic Surgeon: Specializes in surgical procedures of the heart.

• Hyperventilation: Rapid or deep breathing.

• Trachea: Windpipe.

• Bronchus: Major air passage of the lungs.

• Bronchiole: Minute branches of the lungs.

• Alveolus: Tiny air sacs for gas exchange.

• Immune System: Organs protecting against infection.

• Protecting from an infection: Keeping body tissue safe from pathogens.

• Reproductive System: Tissues and organs for reproduction.

• Uterus: Female organ where embryo develops.

• Ovary: Female organ producing eggs.

• Fallopian tube: Muscular ducts between ovaries and uterus.

• Uterine cervix: Canal connecting uterus and vagina.

• Vagina: Muscular tube from genitals to cervix.

• Cheek: Soft part of face below eye and mouth.

• Neck: Body part connecting head to the body.

• Shoulder: Upper joint of person's arms.

• Upper arm: Arm between shoulder and elbow.

• Forearm: Arm extending from elbow to wrist.

• Fingers: Long, thin parts of hand to hold things.

• Chest: Front surface of body between neck and stomach.

• Abdomen: Part of body containing digestive organs.

• Thigh: Human leg between hip and knee.

• Lower leg: Portion of lower extremity between knee and ankle.

• Foot/ feet: Lower extremity of the leg below the ankle.

• Knee: Joint between thigh and lower leg.

• Anatomical Positions: Body erect and at the sides with the arms at the side and the palms forward.

• Anterior: Nearer the front.

• Posterior: Nearer the rear.

• Superior: Higher in level.

• Inferior: Lower in position.

• Torso: The trunk

• trunk: part of the human body apart from the head and appendages

• Upper Limbs: The arms.

• Lower Limbs: Parts including the hip, thigh, knee, etc.

• Frontal Plane: Imaginary line dividing the body into front and back.

• Lateral Plane: Imaginary line dividing the body into left and right.

• Transverse Plane: Imaginary line diving the body into upper and lower.

• Medial: Being in the middle.

• Lateral: Being on the side.

• Proximal: Close to a point of connection.

• Distal: Far from a point of connection.

• Supine: Lying face upwards.

• Superficial: Existing on the surface.

• Mortality Rate: Number of deaths in a time period.

• Crystalized minerals: Solid minerals.

• Anxiety: Feeling of worry.

• Chronic Stress: Consistent feeling of being pressured.

• Urinary system: Includes kidneys, bladder, etc.

• Kidney: Organ that excretes urine.

• Dialysis: Clinical purification of blood.

• Pediatrics: Branch of medicine dealing with children.

• Cause discomfort: create pain.

• External factor: Reason outside that contributes.

• Internal factor: Reason inside that contributes.

• Incidence: The frequency of a disease.

• Fighting a disease: Overcoming an illness.

• Catching a disease: Having an illness.

• Screening for a disease: Application of a medical procedure when symptoms are not clear.

• Communicable disease: Caused by an infectious agent.

• Non-communicable condition: Not directly transmissible.

• Contagious disease: Transmits a pathogen through contact.

• Inflammatory Disease: Results from bacteria attacking the immune system

• Degenerative Disease: Worsens over time.

• Neoplastic Disease: Causes tumor growth.

• Food-borne disease: caused by consuming contaminated foods.

• Traumatic Disease: is a mental health condition that's triggered by a terrifying event, either experiencing it or witnessing it

• Infectious Diseases: Caused by organisms such as bacteria,.

• Congenital Disease: Present from birth.

• Heredity disease: Results from parents' genetic makeup.

• Perinatal disease: Can be passed from mother to baby.

• Respiratory Infection: infections of parts of the body involved in breathing.

• Tuberculosis: Bacterial infection spread through droplets.

• Rate of prevalence: Proportion with a disease over a time period.

• Changes: Becoming different.

• Abnormal: deviating from what is usual

• Development: Growing/becoming advanced.

• Detect: To discern

• Occur: Tohappen.

• Factors: Influence that contributes to a result.

• Variation: A small change or difference.

• Category: A class of things with shared qualities.

• Role: a part played by a person or thing in a particular situation.

• Affluent: Having a great deal of money

• Underdeveloped: Not highly developed

• Unhealthy: Harmful to health

• Adolescent: Occurring during the years of adolescence

• Middle-aged: The period of life between(45 to 60 years old

• Sedentary: Tending to spend much time seated.

• Active: Ready to engage in pursuits.

• Male: Reference to men or boys ; having a gender identity that is the opposite of female

• Female: Reference to women or girls ; having a gender identity that is the opposite of male

• Rate of death: Ratio of deaths in a certain area or time.

• Primary research Any research a person collects themselves

• Secondary research: A research method that involves using already existing data

• Qualitative research Relies on data obtained firsthand by the researcher

• Quantitative research :Focuses on quantifying analysis of data

• Conduct a seminar: Meet to study and discuss something

• Discuss the statistics Talk about the numerical data for analysis

• Support the argument: Strengthen with ideas presented with numerical data

• Present the reasons: Give evidence or purpose