Functional group 1

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Questions and Answers

What part of a drug molecule typically remains unreactive?

Analytical choice

Functional group

Therapeutic effect

Hydrocarbon part (correct)

Which of the following statements best describes functional groups?

They cause diverse properties among similar organic molecules.

They solely determine the hydrocarbon part of a molecule.

They are reactive parts of molecules that contribute to similar properties. (correct)

They have no impact on the reactivity of organic compounds.

Why is understanding physiochemical properties important in medicinal chemistry?

They dictate the syntactic structure of organic molecules.

They solely determine the metabolism efficiency of a drug.

They help distinguish between functional and non-functional groups.

They influence receptor binding and the therapeutic effect of drugs. (correct)

What typically influences the choice of analytical methods in pharmacology?

The physiochemical properties of the substances being analyzed. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely outcome when molecules have the same functional group?

They share similar chemical reactivities and properties. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What shape do sp3 hybridized carbon atoms adopt?

Tetrahedral (B) Signup and view all the answers

In a 3D representation of molecules, which bond indicates that it is pointing towards the viewer?

Wedge bond (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecule has a chiral center?

A molecule with four different groups attached (A) Signup and view all the answers

What defines a nucleophile?

Electron-rich species often having a negative charge (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'electron-poor' refer to?

Electrophiles that attract electrons (B) Signup and view all the answers

What primarily determines the distribution patterns of substituted products in free radical reactions?

The stability of the intermediate radicals (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which classification describes the mechanism involving the movement of two electrons in turn?

Polar mechanism (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of carbon radical is the most stable?

Tertiary (3o) (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of curly arrows in reaction mechanisms?

Show the movement of electrons (B) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does hyperconjugation have on molecular stability?

It increases stability by allowing electron interaction with adjacent orbitals (C) Signup and view all the answers

How can alkenes function in a chemical reaction?

As nucleophiles (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which radicals are identified as being unusually stable due to resonance effects?

Benzyl and allyl radicals (B) Signup and view all the answers

What role do alkyl groups play in the stability of radicals?

Alkyl groups are weakly electron donating due to hyperconjugation. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What represents the energy difference between reactants and products in a chemical mechanism?

Standard free energy change (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for two radicals to form a bond?

Each radical must donate one electron (D) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the transition states in a chemical reaction mechanism?

They are high energy peaks (B) Signup and view all the answers

In radical mechanisms, what occurs during homolysis?

Each atom involved receives one electron (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the activation energy represent in a chemical reaction pathway?

The energy difference between reactants and the transition state (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a lone pair in the context of electron-rich centers?

A pair of electrons not used in bonding (D) Signup and view all the answers

What defines an electron poor center in a molecule?

Presence of positively charged fragments (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the structure of alkanes?

They contain only single bonds between carbon atoms. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of studying mechanisms in chemistry?

To understand how reactants transform into products (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant feature of the bonding in alkanes?

They possess weak London dispersion forces as the only intermolecular force. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the reactivity of alkanes?

They combust in a flame, producing CO2 and H2O. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for alkanes?

C_nH_{2n+2} (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which step in the halogenation of alkanes is responsible for radical formation?

Initiation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the reaction of alkanes during halogenation?

Free radicals are involved in propagating the reaction. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does the boiling point of alkanes trend with increasing molecular weight?

It generally increases with molecular weight and carbon chain length. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the chlorination process of alkanes?

Chlorine radicals serve as chain carriers during the reaction. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What determines the physical state of alkanes at standard conditions?

The molecular weight and chain length of the alkane. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which functional groups are characteristic of the products formed from alkane reactions?

Haloalkanes and alkenes (B) Signup and view all the answers

In metabolic processes that involve chemical mechanisms, which factor significantly affects drug stability?

The understanding of chemical reactions involved (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is true about covalent inhibitors like Amoxycillin?

They can form stable adducts with the targeted enzyme. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the carbon of the lactam in the mechanism involving Amoxycillin?

It is converted into an ester during the reaction. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds are classified as halogens that react with alkanes?

Chlorine and bromine (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of resonance structures in reaction mechanisms?

They help visualize electron/charge delocalisation. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about resonance structures is true?

They represent extreme possibilities of electron location. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of resonance, which factor decreases the stability of a resonance form?

Charge separation. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which types of electrons can be moved when drawing resonance structures?

Only π electrons and lone-pair electrons. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why must the atoms be in the same plane for resonance structures?

To facilitate overlap of p orbitals. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is incorrect about the representation of resonance structures?

They indicate equilibrium between different states. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding the energy of a molecule based on its resonance forms is true?

It is lower than that of the most stable resonance form. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What factor does NOT contribute to the stability of a resonance structure?

Charge separation. (D) Signup and view all the answers

The stability of the intermediate radical is determined by the number of carbon atoms bonded to the carbon with the lone ______.

electron Signup and view all the answers

Hyperconjugation results from the interaction of electrons in a σ-bond with an adjacent unfilled p orbital or a ______ orbital.

pi Signup and view all the answers

A tertiary radical is characterized by having ______ carbon atoms bonded to the carbon with the lone electron.

three Signup and view all the answers

The benzyl and allyl radicals are more stable due to ______, which allows for the delocalization of electrons.

resonance Signup and view all the answers

The hyperconjugation effect means that alkyl groups are weakly electron ______.

donating Signup and view all the answers

Functional groups are important in pharmacy because they help to deduce the properties of drugs such as ______.

ionisation Signup and view all the answers

In this course, students will learn to identify the ______, electrophile, and leaving group in organic molecules.

nucleophile Signup and view all the answers

Curly arrows are used to signify bond making and ______ processes in reaction mechanisms.

breaking Signup and view all the answers

Radical stability can be explained through concepts like ______ and resonance stabilisation.

hyperconjugation Signup and view all the answers

Alkane chemistry will be a focal point of the lecture, particularly in understanding their ______.

properties Signup and view all the answers

Most drugs are simple organic molecules composed of two parts: a hydrocarbon part that is usually ______

unreactive Signup and view all the answers

The functional group (FG) is where most of the ______ of the molecule occur.

reactions/interactions Signup and view all the answers

Molecules with the same functional group generally have similar ______.

properties Signup and view all the answers

In pharmacology, understanding ______ properties is essential for making analytical choices.

physiochemical Signup and view all the answers

Functional groups contribute to the ______ reactivities of the molecules they are part of.

characteristic Signup and view all the answers

Sp3 hybridized carbon atoms adopt a ______ shape.

tetrahedral Signup and view all the answers

A nucleophile is an atom or molecule that has a pair of electrons to ______.

share Signup and view all the answers

An electrophile is also known as an 'electron-______' species.

loving Signup and view all the answers

The sequence of bond-making and bond-breaking steps in a chemical reaction is described by the ______.

mechanism Signup and view all the answers

A ______ center is a carbon atom with four different groups attached.

chiral Signup and view all the answers

Ionic and polar mechanisms involve the movement of ______ electrons in turn.

two Signup and view all the answers

In 3D molecular representation, a wedge indicates a bond pointing ______ us.

towards Signup and view all the answers

Typically, nucleophiles possess a negative charge or a ______ pair of electrons.

lone Signup and view all the answers

Resonance structures are used to describe electron/charge ______.

delocalisation Signup and view all the answers

Only ______ electrons and lone-pair electrons/radicals are moved in resonance structures.

π Signup and view all the answers

Resonance forms are not ______ or different compounds.

isomers Signup and view all the answers

The most stable resonance form makes the greatest ______ to the overall structure.

contribution Signup and view all the answers

Atoms must be in the same ______ for resonance structures to be valid.

plane Signup and view all the answers

Only representations of the extreme possibilities of ______ location exist in resonance.

electron Signup and view all the answers

The energy of the molecule is less than any of the contributing ______.

structures Signup and view all the answers

Resonance structures only exist on ______.

paper Signup and view all the answers

Some drugs work by covalently binding to their biological ______

target Signup and view all the answers

Drug degradation processes occur via chemical ______

reactions Signup and view all the answers

Amoxycillin acts as an example of a covalent ______

inhibitor Signup and view all the answers

Alkanes are also known as ______

paraffins Signup and view all the answers

The general formula for alkanes is ______

CnH2n+2 Signup and view all the answers

Alkanes generally burn in a flame producing ______, H2O and heat.

CO2 Signup and view all the answers

Weak London dispersion forces are the only ______ forces at play between alkanes.

intermolecular Signup and view all the answers

Halogenation of alkanes proceeds via a ______ mechanism.

radical Signup and view all the answers

For alkanes, melting and boiling points generally increase with ______ weight.

molecular Signup and view all the answers

The formation of chlorine radicals occurs during the ______ step in radical mechanisms.

initiation Signup and view all the answers

In halogenation, one radical is used to generate another, a process referred to as ______.

propagation Signup and view all the answers

In the termination step of radical reactions, two radicals combine to produce a ______ species.

neutral Signup and view all the answers

London dispersion forces can create ______ dipoles that temporarily form in alkanes.

temporary Signup and view all the answers

Alkanes react poorly with ionic or polar ______.

substances Signup and view all the answers

Amoxycillin starts its action at an electron-rich ______.

alcohol Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

PHA111 Functional Group Chemistry 1

The course covers functional group chemistry, important for pharmacy students.
Learning objectives include appreciating the importance of functional group chemistry, defining mechanistic terminologies for reaction mechanisms, identifying nucleophiles, electrophiles, and leaving groups in organic molecules, identifying functional groups in drug molecules, understanding the use of curly arrows for bond making/breaking processes, and explaining product distribution patterns.
Functional group chemistry enables understanding chemical structure, deducing properties of drugs, such as ionization, solubility (lipid vs. aqueous), and ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion).
Functional groups are crucial for understanding receptor binding, therapeutic effects, designing medicines, and understanding physiochemical properties affecting analytical choices.
Drugs are typically composed of a hydrocarbon part (unreactive) and a functional group (where most reactions occur). These functional groups impart similar properties.
Chemical similarity in drugs is explored, exemplified by examples of molecules that could cause extreme bronchospasm.
Different types of hydrocarbon compounds (e.g., alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols) and their functional groups within such structures are described, which are crucial to knowing.
Key concepts of 3D representations, focusing specifically on sp³ hybridized carbon atoms and chiral centers.
Types of reaction mechanisms are defined, such as ionic/polar mechanisms where two electrons move, and radical mechanisms where one electron moves.
The lecture defines and discusses nucleophiles (electron-rich, often negatively charged) and electrophiles (electron-poor, often positively charged) while also exploring their properties.
Understanding leaving groups helps explain displacement reactions as part of mechanisms.
The terms heterolysis and homolysis, which describe different bond breaking mechanisms, are defined.
The use of curly arrows in reaction mechanisms emphasizing the importance of correct arrow placement are outlined, with a clear distinction between polar and radical mechanisms.
Transition states and intermediates in chemical reactions are discussed.
The importance of mechanisms regarding drug action in various biological processes and drug stability are highlighted. Case studies of penicillin-based drug reactivity are given.
Properties and reactivity of alkanes, including combustion and halogenation are detailed.
Radical reactions in halogenation have three distinct steps: initiation, propagation, and termination.
The stability of radicals, including hyperconjugation and resonance structures, are explained.
Different types of resonance structures will be understood and drawn.
The effect of oxidation on drugs, namely auto-oxidation, is illustrated (radical process linked to drug degradation and drug stability. Specific examples include auto-oxidation processes leading to drug degradation under light, heat, and presence of metal ions including peroxidative mechanisms.

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Description

Test your knowledge on important concepts in medicinal chemistry. This quiz covers essential topics such as drug molecules, functional groups, and analytical methods in pharmacology. Understand the significance of physiochemical properties and their impact on drug behavior.