IV chapter 2
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Questions and Answers

What is the immune system function

  • Assume the medication is safe if prescribed by a physician
  • Confirm the patient's allergy history only
  • Ensure the medication has been prescribed previously
  • Prevent invasion of antigens • Antigen – any foreign substance that induces and immune system response • Bacteria • Viruses • Fungi • Parasites • Cancer cells organs form complex system • See Table 2-1 (correct)

    • What is immunity

  • A nurse can safely take back a medication if the patient experiences discomfort
  • Once a medication is pushed, adjustments can still be made if needed
  • Slowly pushing an overdose of medication is often acceptable
  • innate (nonspecific) immune responses  First line of defense against antigens  Function without prior exposure to an antigen (correct)

    • What are some first line defenses

  • Infections caused by external sources such as food and contaminated water (correct)
  • Infections that arise from a patient's internal microbiome
  • Infections that are due to genetic factors inherent to the patient
  • ntact skin acts as mechanical barrier  Normal microflora of the skin  Normal flora of the throat, colon, vagina  Secretions contain antibodies  Hydrochloric acid-acidic pH kills microorganisms  Stomach acid  Low pH of vagina  Lysosomes in tears First-Line of Defense (correct)

    • What are some second line defenses

    <p>Infections acquired during treatment for unrelated conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some tertiary defenses

    <p>Develops after exposure to antigen  Improves on repeated exposures Tertiary Defenses/Adaptive or Specific Immunity flu shots, covid shots are examples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is impaired host resistance

    <p>Individuals with major defects related to specific immune responses  Immunosuppressed or compromised hosts</p> <p>Cancer patients, newborns, lupus, HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are immune dysfunction characteristics

    <p>Unusual infecting agents are commonly present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chain of infection

    <p>casuative agent&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;reservoir&gt;&gt;&gt;portal of exit from reservoir&gt;&gt;method of transmission&gt;&gt;portal of entry to host&gt;&gt;&gt;susceptible host&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are classifications of infections

    <p>Catheter-associated urinary tract infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are types of HAI infections

    <p>types of H A Is  Central line-associated bloodstream infections  Catheter-associated urinary tract infections  Ventilator-associated pneumonia  Considered preventable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are factors affecting HAIS

    <p>Emerging infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When it comes to SEPSIS, remember time

    <p>Look at lab work, CRP high lactic acid high. HR high. Bp low TEMPERATURE--INFECTION--MENTAL DECLINE---EXTREMELY ILL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are infusion related infections

    <p>Higher rates of patients with co-morbidities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are bloodstream infection contaminations

    <p>Extrinsic contamination  Occurs during preparation  Is preventable in all settings  Intrinsic contamination  Occurs during manufacturing and sterilization processes We can control extrinsinic not intrinsic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to contamination of infusion related procedures

    <p>While receiving treatment for unrelated conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If an infusion related infection is suspected what must you do

    <p>Encourage frequent removal of the catheter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are strategies to prevent infection

    <p>Needlestick injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are startegies to prevent infection

    <p>The correct infusion rate or push speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Occupational RIsks include

    <p>Biological  Bloodborne pathogen exposure  HBV, HIV, HCV  Physical  Chemical exposure  Hazardous drugs  Latex exposure  Needlesticks  Changed to Luer Lock style</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In ur nursing practice

    <p>Using Luer Lock style to prevent needlestick injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Medication Administration

    • Always verify medication information before administration to prevent errors.
    • Check compatibility of new medications with the primary infusion.
    • Determine the appropriate rate for IV medication administration prior to giving it.
    • Once a medication is administered, it cannot be retracted; prioritize safety and awareness.

    Infections Overview

    • Exogenous infections arise from external sources affecting the body.
    • Common exogenous infection sources include contaminated food and water.

    Health Care Associated Infections (HAIs)

    • HAIs are infections acquired by patients during treatment for other health conditions.
    • Health care workers can also acquire HAIs through the performance of their duties.
    • The CDC provides the definition and guidelines for preventing HAIs.

    Impaired Host Resistance

    • Individuals may exhibit significant defects in specific immune responses.
    • Such individuals are classified as immunosuppressed or compromised.

    Immune Dysfunction Characteristics

    • Increased frequency of infections in affected individuals.
    • Severity of infections is typically greater than normal.
    • Encounter unusual pathogens or opportunistic infections.
    • Inadequate or incomplete responses to medical treatments.

    Chain of Infection

    • Infections can be classified based on their origin:
      • Endogenous infections: Caused by the body’s own flora (e.g., from the gastrointestinal tract or skin).
      • Exogenous infections: Caused by external factors (e.g., contaminated food or dirty water).

    Health Care Associated Infections (HAIs)

    • Defined by the CDC as infections acquired during treatment for other conditions or by healthcare workers in clinical settings.
    • Considered a significant concern for patient safety.

    Types of HAIs

    • Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs).
    • Catheter-associated urinary tract infections.
    • Ventilator-associated pneumonia.
    • Many HAIs are preventable with proper protocols.

    Factors Affecting HAIs

    • Shift towards treating more complicated patients with multiple co-morbidities.
    • Increasing prevalence of immunocompromised individuals.
    • Use of more medical devices and prolonged procedures.
    • Ongoing staffing shortages in healthcare settings.
    • Rise of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in hospitals.
    • Emergence of new infectious diseases.
    • Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are critical and can escalate to sepsis.
    • Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) have seen an increase, especially post-COVID.
    • Localized infections can progress to systemic infections.

    Sources of Contamination

    • Colonization:
      • Occurs at the cannula wound and hub.
      • Contaminated infusate can also lead to infections.
    • Contamination Types:
      • Extrinsic contamination: Preventable, happens during preparation of infusions.
      • Intrinsic contamination: Non-preventable, occurs during manufacturing and sterilization processes.

    Infection Culture Collection

    • Collect cultures from suspected sources to identify infections, including:
      • Purulent exudate from catheter sites
      • Catheter tips
      • Administration sets
      • Infusate
      • Patient’s blood
    • Adhere to CDC Standard Precautions Guidelines to minimize infection risks.
    • Practice proper hand hygiene before procedures.
    • Use appropriate skin antisepsis prior to catheter insertion or manipulation.
    • Maintain catheter-site dressing regimens to protect insertion sites.
    • Employ catheter securement devices to prevent dislodgement and contamination.
    • Utilize antimicrobial or antiseptic-impregnated catheters and cuffs to reduce infection likelihood.
    • Implement evidence-based prevention bundles for central venous catheter bloodstream infections.
    • Adhere to safe injection practices, including the use of needleless connectors.

    Occupational Risks in Nursing

    • Biological hazards involve exposure to bloodborne pathogens (HBV, HIV, HCV).
    • Physical risks include:
      • Chemical exposure to hazardous drugs.
      • Latex contact leading to allergic reactions.
      • Injury from needlesticks.
    • Transition to Luer Lock style connectors can enhance safety and reduce the risk of needle-stick injuries.

    Preparation and Safety in Nursing Practice

    • Verify medication information thoroughly before administration, focusing on compatibility with primary infusion.
    • Understand the correct administration rate of medications before delivery.
    • Be aware that there is no method to retract or reverse a medication once administered; prioritize patient safety by being informed and cautious.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on medication administration and infection control principles. This quiz covers important practices for safe medication administration, the types of infections, and guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections. It's essential for healthcare professionals to ensure patient safety and proper practices.

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