Medication Administration Routes and Techniques

Medication Administration

• Routes of administration:
  • Oral (PO)
  • Topical (T)
  • Parenteral (injectable)
  • Inhalational (INH)
  • Rectal (PR)
  • Vaginal (VAG)
• Factors affecting medication administration:
  • Patient's age, weight, and medical history
  • Medication's half-life, peak, and duration of action
  • Drug interactions and contraindications
  • Route of administration and dosage form
• Medication administration techniques:
  • Oral administration: swallow, chew, or dissolve
  • Parenteral administration: IM, IV, SC, and ID injections
  • Topical administration: creams, ointments, and transdermal patches

Drug Interactions

• Types of drug interactions:
  • Pharmacokinetic interactions: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
  • Pharmacodynamic interactions: additive, synergistic, and antagonistic effects
  • Pharmacogenetic interactions: genetic variations affecting drug response
• Factors influencing drug interactions:
  • Polypharmacy (multiple medications)
  • Age, weight, and medical history
  • Enzyme inducers and inhibitors
  • Food and drug interactions
• Examples of drug interactions:
  • Warfarin and antibiotics: increased bleeding risk
  • MAOIs and SSRIs: serotonin syndrome
  • Grapefruit juice and statins: increased statin levels

Patient Education

• Importance of patient education:
  • Improves medication adherence and efficacy
  • Reduces medication errors and adverse effects
  • Enhances patient autonomy and empowerment
• Patient education strategies:
  • Verbal and written instructions
  • Demonstration and return demonstration
  • Medication calendars and reminders
  • Patient education materials and resources
• Key elements of patient education:
  • Medication name, dosage, and frequency
  • Administration techniques and precautions
  • Potential side effects and adverse reactions
  • Monitoring and follow-up instructions

Pharmacodynamics

• Definition: study of the effects of drugs on the body
• Key concepts:
  • Receptor binding and activation
  • Dose-response relationships
  • Agonism and antagonism
  • Efficacy and potency
• Pharmacodynamic mechanisms:
  • Chemical messenger systems (e.g., neurotransmitters)
  • Enzyme inhibition and activation
  • Ion channel modulation
  • Gene expression and transcription

Pharmacokinetics

• Definition: study of the movement of drugs through the body
• Key concepts:
  • Absorption (A)
  • Distribution (D)
  • Metabolism (M)
  • Excretion (E)
• Pharmacokinetic parameters:
  • Half-life (t1/2)
  • Peak concentration (Cmax)
  • Time to peak (Tmax)
  • Bioavailability (F)
• Factors influencing pharmacokinetics:
  • Age, weight, and medical history
  • Renal and hepatic function
  • Enzyme inducers and inhibitors
  • Food and drug interactions

Medication Administration

• Routes of administration include oral, topical, parenteral, inhalational, rectal, and vaginal.
• Factors affecting medication administration include patient's age, weight, and medical history, as well as medication's half-life, peak, and duration of action.
• Medication administration techniques include oral administration by swallowing, chewing, or dissolving, and parenteral administration by IM, IV, SC, and ID injections.

Drug Interactions

• Types of drug interactions include pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacogenetic interactions.
• Pharmacokinetic interactions affect absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
• Pharmacodynamic interactions exhibit additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects.
• Factors influencing drug interactions include polypharmacy, age, weight, and medical history, as well as enzyme inducers and inhibitors.
• Examples of drug interactions include Warfarin and antibiotics, MAOIs and SSRIs, and Grapefruit juice and statins.

Patient Education

• Patient education improves medication adherence and efficacy, reduces medication errors and adverse effects, and enhances patient autonomy and empowerment.
• Patient education strategies include verbal and written instructions, demonstration and return demonstration, and medication calendars and reminders.
• Key elements of patient education include medication name, dosage, and frequency, as well as administration techniques and precautions.

Pharmacodynamics

• Pharmacodynamics studies the effects of drugs on the body.
• Key concepts include receptor binding and activation, dose-response relationships, agonism and antagonism, and efficacy and potency.
• Pharmacodynamic mechanisms involve chemical messenger systems, enzyme inhibition and activation, ion channel modulation, and gene expression and transcription.

Pharmacokinetics

• Pharmacokinetics studies the movement of drugs through the body.
• Key concepts include absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
• Pharmacokinetic parameters include half-life, peak concentration, time to peak, and bioavailability.
• Factors influencing pharmacokinetics include age, weight, and medical history, as well as renal and hepatic function, and enzyme inducers and inhibitors.