Medical Testing & Blood Composition Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the seven base units recognized worldwide?

  • Length (meter, m)
  • Mass (kilogram, kg)
  • Time (second, s)
  • Energy (joule, J) (correct)

    • Plasma is the acellular portion of whole blood.

    True

    What are the primary constituents of whole blood?

    Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.

    Serum is the liquid that remains after the __________ clot is removed from plasma.

    <p>fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their definitions:

    <p>Albumin = Protein found in plasma Urea = Byproduct of protein metabolism Creatinine = Indicator of kidney function Bilirubin = Product of red blood cell breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does specificity refer to in medical testing?

    <p>The percentage of correctly identified negative results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: A lower specificity indicates a higher chance of false positives.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two measures commonly calculated for diagnostic tests?

    <p>Sensitivity and specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of a screening test, FN stands for ___________.

    <p>false negatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>TP = Diseased persons detected by the test TN = Nondiseased persons negative to the test FP = Nondiseased persons positive to the test FN = Diseased persons not detected by the test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formula is used to calculate sensitivity?

    <p>Sensitivity = [TP ÷ (TP + FN)] × 100%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: A true positive (TP) indicates a diseased person who is detected by the test.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The total number of participants in a test is represented by ___________.

    <p>TP + FP + FN + TN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a test with 100% sensitivity?

    <p>It correctly identifies all patients with the disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A highly sensitive test guarantees high specificity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one condition associated with high phenylalanine concentrations that can lead to intellectual disability?

    <p>Phenylketonuria (PKU)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A test is considered highly sensitive when the chance of a __________ result is low.

    <p>false negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sensitivity and specificity outcomes in diagnostic testing:

    <p>High sensitivity = Low chance of false negatives Low sensitivity = High chance of false negatives High specificity = Low chance of false positives Low specificity = High chance of false positives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are highly sensitive tests preferred?

    <p>When the consequences of not identifying the disease are serious.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is acceptable to use less sensitive tests if the consequence of a false negative is significant.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reference ranges can be inaccurate if physiologic variables such as age and __________ are not controlled for.

    <p>gender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to LDL-cholesterol levels as age increases?

    <p>They increase with age and then decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fasting blood glucose reference range for adults is 70–110 mg/dL.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one inherited ethnic laboratory test that is more common in individuals of sub-Saharan African ancestry.

    <p>Thalassemia or Sickle cell anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The serum creatinine reference range for children aged 1-5 years is approximately _____ mg/dL.

    <p>0.3–0.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following genetic conditions with their associated ancestry:

    <p>G6PD deficiency = Found primarily in men of African and Asian ancestry Thalassemia = Common among individuals of Mediterranean ancestry Sickle cell anemia = More prevalent in individuals of sub-Saharan African ancestry Hematocrit values = Differ by age group in children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the fasting blood glucose reference range for children aged 2 years and older?

    <p>60–105 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Age significantly influences all laboratory values.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of ancestry on laboratory test values?

    <p>Certain laboratory tests vary by ethnic and gender differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is home testing primarily used for?

    <p>Patient-directed diagnostic and monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Baseline studies are only useful when reference values are identical among all patients.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two popular types of home testing kits mentioned?

    <p>Home glucose testing and pregnancy testing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The FDA maintains a searchable list of approved home-testing kits under the Office of In Vitro __________ and Radiological Health.

    <p>Diagnostics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can lovastatin cause in a small percentage of patients?

    <p>Myopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the testing kit to the condition it screens for:

    <p>Pregnancy test = HCG hormone Menopause test = Follicle stimulating hormone Liver function test = AST and ALT levels Cholesterol test = CK concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Baseline laboratory values are also used to establish relative __________ goals.

    <p>therapeutic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-FDA-approved home testing kits are not available for purchase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reference range for serum potassium concentration?

    <p>3.5–5.0 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A potassium concentration of 5.5 mEq/L does not require further testing if there are no ECG changes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one possible cause of falsely elevated potassium levels.

    <p>Hemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sensitivity, specificity, and __________ value are important in selecting an assay and interpreting its results.

    <p>predictive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following causes of falsely elevated potassium with their descriptions:

    <p>Hemolysis = Destruction of red blood cells leading to leakage of potassium Acidosis = Condition where the body produces excess acid or the kidneys do not remove enough acid Laboratory Error = Mistakes made during sample analysis or handling Renal Insufficiency = Reduced kidney function leading to impaired potassium excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor for hyperkalemia?

    <p>Renal insufficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Real-time, in vivo mobile testing will likely remain uncommon in the future.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does POC stand for in the context of testing?

    <p>Point-of-care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Laboratory Testing

    • Used to detect disease, guide treatment, monitor response to treatment, and monitor disease progression
    • Imperfect science; may yield false negatives or false positives

    Definitions

    • Accuracy: The extent to which the mean measurement is close to the true value
    • Precision: Assay reproducibility (agreement of results when the specimen is assayed many times)
    • Analyte: The substance measured by the assay; some substances (e.g., phenytoin, calcium) are bound to proteins. The unbound fraction is physiologically active, but total is typically measured in routine assays.
    • Reference Range: A statistically derived numerical range from a sample of healthy individuals; values outside it are not necessarily abnormal but increase the probability of clinical significance.

    Quantitative Tests

    • Report results as exact numeric measurements (e.g., serum potassium, creatinine clearances)
    • Values are assessed in the context of a specific reference range.

    Qualitative Tests

    • Report results as either positive or negative.
    • Exact quantities may be measured, but the final result is reported in categories (e.g., negative, trace, 1+, 2+, etc.)
    • The result of tests (e.g., pregnancy tests, bacterial wound cultures) is used to decide on further testing.

    Non-invasive vs Invasive

    • Noninvasive: Examines fluids or other substances without penetrating the skin or body (e.g., urine, exhaled air)
    • Invasive: Examines fluids or tissues with a needle, tube, device, or scope (e.g., venous blood, skin biopsy). These are generally less convenient than noninvasive tests.

    Biomarker

    • A characteristic that is measured as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or responses to exposure/intervention.
    • Examples: tumor markers, HbA1c to assess average blood sugar levels.

    Predictive Value

    • Used to assess test reliability.
      • Predictive value of a positive test: Percentage of positives that are true positives. Increases with higher prevalence and sensitivity/specificity of the test.
      • Predictive value of a negative test: Percentage of negatives that are true negatives. Increases with higher prevalence and specificity/sensitivity of the test.

    Objectives

    • Reader should be able to differentiate between accuracy and precision, quantitative and qualitative tests, reference ranges, factors affecting them, sensitivity and specificity, and potential sources of laboratory errors.
    • Explain the pros and cons of different testing methods (point-of-care vs at-home).
    • Describe how to logically interpret lab results.

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    Related Documents

    IE1 Book ch 1 to 4 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on medical testing concepts and the components of whole blood. This quiz covers base units, blood constituents, specificity in testing, and important diagnostic measures. Ideal for students and professionals in healthcare and biology.

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