Medical Terminology Ch. 16

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the endocrine system?

  • Regulating body activities (correct)
  • Producing electrical impulses
  • Carrying secretions through ducts
  • None of the above

What is the size of the pituitary gland and where is it located?

Approximately the size of a pea at the base of the brain.

What hormones are produced by the anterior lobe?

GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL

What is the role of growth hormone (GH)?

<p>Regulates the growth of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulate?

<p>The adrenal cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

<p>Stimulates the thyroid gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are gonadotropic hormones responsible for?

<p>Stimulating the gonads.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does prolactin (PRL) promote?

<p>Development of glandular tissue during pregnancy and milk production after birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormones does the posterior lobe store and release?

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

<p>Stimulates the kidney to reabsorb water and constricts blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of oxytocin?

<p>Stimulates uterine contractions and milk let down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the hypothalamus located?

<p>Superior to the pituitary gland in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

<p>Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of parathyroid hormones (PTH)?

<p>Helps maintain the level of calcium in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the islets of Langerhans?

<p>Clusters of endocrine tissue found in the pancreas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the adrenal glands?

<p>They secrete cortisol, aldosterone, and epinephrine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cortisol and its main function?

<p>A hormone that aids during stress by increasing glucose levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does aldosterone regulate?

<p>Electrolytes necessary for normal body function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

<p>Increase blood pressure, heartbeat, and respirations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Endocrine System Overview

  • Composed of glands that regulate bodily functions through hormones.
  • Major glands include: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads, and thymus.
  • Functions include regulating metabolism, growth, and development.
  • Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream, classified as ductless glands.

Pituitary Gland

  • Size of a pea and positioned at the base of the brain.
  • Divided into anterior and posterior lobes; known as the "master gland" for its role in stimulating other endocrine glands.

Anterior Lobe

  • Produces key hormones:
    • Growth hormone (GH) for body growth.
    • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to stimulate the adrenal cortex.
    • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) for thyroid activity.
    • Gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH) for gonadal function.
    • Prolactin (PRL) for milk production post-birth.

Secreted Hormones

  • Growth Hormone (GH): Regulates overall body growth.
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Targets adrenal gland to spur hormone production.
  • Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Initiates thyroid gland hormone secretion.
  • Gonadotropic Hormones: FSH and LH influence reproductive organs.
  • Prolactin (PRL): Supports milk production and glandular development during pregnancy.

Posterior Lobe

  • Stores and releases:
    • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Aids kidney water reabsorption and constricts blood vessels.
    • Oxytocin: Stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

Hypothalamus

  • Located above the pituitary gland; controls hormone release via "releasing" hormones that influence the pituitary.

Thyroid Gland

  • The largest endocrine gland located in the neck, below the larynx.
  • Produces triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), essential for metabolism; requires iodine for hormone production.

Parathyroid Glands

  • Four small glands on the thyroid's posterior, producing parathyroid hormone (PTH).
  • PTH regulates blood calcium levels impacting bones and kidneys.

Pancreas

  • Contains islets of Langerhans, clusters of endocrine cells that produce insulin and glucagon for glucose metabolism.
  • Exocrine cells produce digestive enzymes.

Adrenal Glands

  • Located atop each kidney, divided into cortex (outer) and medulla (inner).
  • Secretes hormones:
    • Cortisol: Energy regulation during stress.
    • Aldosterone: Maintains electrolyte balance in the body.
    • Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (Adrenaline and Noradrenaline): Increase blood pressure and heart rate during stress.

Key Hormones from Adrenal Glands

  • Cortisol: Increases glucose levels for energy during stressful situations (also called hydrocortisone).
  • Aldosterone: Essential for regulating electrolytes necessary for normal bodily function.
  • Epinephrine: Increases physical readiness (fight or flight response).
  • Norepinephrine: Works with epinephrine in stress response management.

This concise overview encompasses essential components of the endocrine system, summarizing the functions and characteristics of its glands and hormones.

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