Medical Specialties Nervous System
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Questions and Answers

Which medical specialty focuses on the surgical treatment of the nervous system?

  • Psychologist
  • Neurologist
  • Neurosurgeon (correct)
  • Psychiatrist

    • What condition is characterized by excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulation in the brain ventricles?

  • Hydrocephalus (correct)
  • Encephalocele
  • Meningocele
  • Meningitis

    • Which of the following specialties involves treating mental illness and emotional problems?

  • Neurologist
  • Psychiatrist (correct)
  • Neurosurgeon
  • Neuropsychologist

    • What is the main difference between a psychiatrist and a psychologist?

    <p>Psychiatrists are medical doctors, while psychologists typically are not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of headache is often accompanied by nausea and a warning aura?

    <p>Migraine headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to inflammation of the meninges?

    <p>Meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A slow-growing, usually benign tumor of the meninges is known as what?

    <p>Meningioma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of a neurologist's practice?

    <p>Diagnosing and treating nervous system diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does causalgia refer to?

    <p>A severe burning pain following nerve injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes excessive sensitivity to sensory stimuli?

    <p>Hyperesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sensation characterizes paresthesia?

    <p>A burning or prickling sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by discomfort in the legs leading to an urge to move them?

    <p>Restless legs syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is peripheral neuropathy primarily associated with?

    <p>Inability to control muscles and sensory loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly identifies the physiological role of the eye?

    <p>To receive light and send impulses to the brain for vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is primarily used to diagnose peripheral neuropathy?

    <p>Imaging techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hyperesthesia?

    <p>Complete insensitivity to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about vision is true?

    <p>Approximately 90% of environmental information reaches the brain through the eyes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do olfactory receptors play in the sense of smell?

    <p>They receive stimuli from gases and translate them into smell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the ear is primarily responsible for transmitting sound to the brain?

    <p>Inner ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the taste buds on the tongue?

    <p>They send signals to the brain to detect flavor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered one of the five special senses?

    <p>Balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are general sense receptors primarily found in the body?

    <p>In the skin and connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the tongue is most sensitive to bitterness?

    <p>The back of the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the senses of smell and taste?

    <p>The sense of smell is closely related to and influences the sense of taste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of an ophthalmologist?

    <p>Treating diseases and disorders of the eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which professional is responsible for measuring vision and determining the need for corrective lenses?

    <p>Optometrist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an audiologist specialize in?

    <p>Measuring hearing function and rehabilitation of hearing impairments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of an optician?

    <p>Diagnosing eye diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct combining form for the nose?

    <p>nas/o</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure does the combining form 'bronch/o' refer to?

    <p>Bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of disorders does a speech-language pathologist primarily assist with?

    <p>Swallowing, speech, and communication disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is associated with the combining form for the trachea?

    <p>trache/o</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is primarily responsible for the exchange of gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide in the respiratory system?

    <p>External respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT part of the upper respiratory tract?

    <p>Trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of pulmonary ventilation in the respiratory process?

    <p>Moving air in and out of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the process of pulmonary ventilation?

    <p>Nervous stimulation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about internal respiration is accurate?

    <p>It involves the exchange of gases between blood and body cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the respiratory system contribute to speech production?

    <p>By creating airflow through the larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the transport of respiratory gases, what is primarily transported to the lungs?

    <p>Carbon dioxide from body cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct equation for respiration, involving inhalation and exhalation?

    <p>1 inhalation + 1 exhalation = 1 respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Neurologist specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the nervous system.
    • Neurosurgeon specializes in surgery of the nervous system.
    • Psychiatrist specializes in diagnosing and treating chemical dependencies, emotional problems, and mental illness.
    • Psychologist specializes in evaluating and treating emotional problems and mental illness, holding a doctoral degree but not a medical doctor.

    Pathology of the Nervous System

    • Cephalgia (headache) is a pain in the head.
    • Migraine headache is often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light; a warning aura may be perceived.
    • Cluster headaches repeatedly affect one side of the head.
    • Intracranial pressure is the amount of pressure inside the skull.

    Conditions of Head and Meninges

    • Encephalocele is a congenital herniation of brain tissue through a gap in the skull.
    • Meningocele is a congenital herniation of meninges through a defect in the skull or spinal column.
    • Hydrocephalus is an excess of cerebrospinal fluid accumulating in the ventricles of the brain.
    • Meningioma is a slow-growing, usually benign tumor of the meninges.
    • Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges of the brain and the spinal cord, which can be bacterial or viral.

    Abnormal Sensations

    • Causalgia is a persistent, severe burning pain following injury to the sensory nerve.
    • Hyperesthesia is an abnormal or excessive sensitivity to touch, pain, or other sensory stimuli.
    • Paresthesia is a burning, prickling sensation in the hands, arms, legs, or feet.
    • Peripheral neuropathy is a disorder of peripheral nerves that produces pain, loss of sensation, and inability to control muscles, particularly in the arms and legs.
    • Restless legs syndrome is an uncomfortable feeling in legs, leading to a strong urge to move them, often most noticeable at night or when trying to rest.

    Diagnostic, Surgical, and Therapeutic Procedures - Medical

    • Lumbar puncture is a procedure that removes cerebrospinal fluid from the spinal canal, used to test for infection, tumors, or other disorders.
    • Electroencephalogram (EEG) records the electrical activity of the brain, used to diagnose epilepsy, sleep disorders, and other brain disorders.
    • Electromyography (EMG) is a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity of muscles, used to diagnose nerve damage and muscle disorders.
    • Nerve conduction studies measure the speed at which electrical impulses travel along nerves, used to diagnose nerve damage and disorders.
    • Computed tomography (CT) scan provides detailed images of the brain, spine, and other parts of the nervous system, used to diagnose tumors, injuries, and other disorders.
    • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan produces detailed images of the brain, spine, and other parts of the nervous system, used to diagnose tumors, injuries, and other disorders.
    • Positron emission tomography (PET) scan is an imaging test that shows how the brain and other organs are functioning; used to diagnose tumors, dementia, seizures, and other disorders.

    Diagnostic, Surgical, and Therapeutic Procedures - Surgical

    • Craniotomy is a surgical procedure to remove a part of the skull to access the brain; used to treat tumors, aneurysms, and other brain disorders.
    • Laminectomy is a surgical procedure to remove a part of a vertebra to relieve pressure on the spinal cord; used to treat herniated discs, spinal stenosis, and other spinal disorders.
    • Spinal fusion is a surgical procedure to fuse together two or more vertebrae; used to treat spinal instability, scoliosis, and other spinal disorders.
    • Stereotactic radiosurgery is a non-invasive procedure that uses radiation to destroy tumors and other abnormal tissues in the brain, used to treat brain tumors, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), and other brain disorders.

    Diagnostic, Surgical, and Therapeutic Procedures - Laboratory

    • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis tests for infection, tumors, and other disorders by examining the cerebrospinal fluid extracted by lumbar puncture.
    • Blood tests can identify markers for certain neurological conditions, such as inflammation or infection.

    Diagnostic, Surgical, and Therapeutic Procedures - Imaging

    • X-rays of the skull and spine can detect fractures, tumors, and other abnormalities.

    Abbreviations

    • CNS Central Nervous System
    • PNS Peripheral Nervous System
    • CSF Cerebrospinal Fluid
    • EEG Electroencephalogram
    • EMG Electromyography
    • CT Computed Tomography
    • MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
    • PET Positron Emission Tomography

    Special Senses

    • Vision is one of the five special senses.
    • Hearing is one of the five special senses.
    • Smell is one of the five special senses.
    • Taste is one of the five special senses.
    • General senses are involved in feeling touch, temperature, pressure, and pain.
    • Ophthalmologist specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the eyes.
    • Optometrist provides diagnosis of eye diseases, measuring accuracy of vision and determining the need for corrective lenses.
    • Optician designs, fits, and dispenses lenses for vision correction.
    • Audiologist specializes in the measurement of hearing function and in the rehabilitation of persons with hearing impairments.
    • Speech-language pathologist assists patients with problems related to swallowing, speech, and communication disorders.

    Diagnostic, Surgical, and Therapeutic Procedures - Diagnostic - Clinical

    • Audiometry measures hearing ability.
    • Tympanometry measures the movement of the eardrum in response to sound; used to diagnose middle ear disorders.
    • Otoscopy examines the ear canal and eardrum; used to diagnose ear infections and other ear disorders.

    Diagnostic, Surgical, and Therapeutic Procedures - Surgical

    • Myringotomy is a surgical procedure to insert tiny tubes into the eardrum to drain fluid from the middle ear; used to treat chronic middle ear infections.
    • Stapedectomy is a surgical procedure to replace the stapes bone in the middle ear; used to treat otosclerosis (a disorder that causes hearing loss).
    • Cochlear implant is a surgically implanted electronic device that allows people with severe hearing loss to hear; used to treat severe to profound hearing loss.

    Pharmacology

    • Anticonvulsants are drugs that prevent seizures.
    • Antidepressants are drugs that treat depression.
    • Antipsychotics are drugs that treat psychosis.
    • Analgesics are drugs that relieve pain.
    • Muscle relaxants are drugs that relax muscles.
    • Antibiotics are drugs that kill bacteria.
    • Antivirals are drugs that kill viruses.

    Abbreviations

    • ENT Ear, Nose, and Throat
    • AMA American Medical Association

    The Respiratory System

    • Nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea are part of the Upper Respiratory Tract.
    • Bronchial tree and lungs are part of the Lower Respiratory Tract.
    • The thoracic cavity protects the lower respiratory tract.
    • The function of the respiratory system is to exchange oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), deliver air to the lungs, convey oxygen from inhaled air to blood, expel waste products through exhalation, and produce airflow through the larynx, making speech possible.
    • ** Respiration** involves four processes: pulmonary ventilation (breathing), external respiration, transport of respiratory gases, and internal respiration.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge about various medical specialties related to the nervous system, including the roles of neurologists, neurosurgeons, psychiatrists, and psychologists. Learn about crucial conditions such as headaches and pathologies affecting the nervous system as you explore this essential field in medicine.

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