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Questions and Answers
What is the primary reason for performing venipuncture?
What is the primary reason for performing venipuncture?
What is the purpose of collecting a stool sample?
What is the purpose of collecting a stool sample?
Which vein is most commonly used for venipuncture in the upper limb?
Which vein is most commonly used for venipuncture in the upper limb?
Which method is most suitable for collecting a blood sample from an infant?
Which method is most suitable for collecting a blood sample from an infant?
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Why is venous blood sampling preferred over arterial blood sampling?
Why is venous blood sampling preferred over arterial blood sampling?
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What should be done prior to puncturing a finger for a blood sample?
What should be done prior to puncturing a finger for a blood sample?
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What is a crucial step before performing a heelstick procedure on an infant?
What is a crucial step before performing a heelstick procedure on an infant?
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What should be done with the first drop of blood during the heelstick procedure?
What should be done with the first drop of blood during the heelstick procedure?
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Why should the first drop of blood be wiped away during the blood collection process?
Why should the first drop of blood be wiped away during the blood collection process?
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What is the purpose of using a sterile blood safety lancet during the heelstick procedure?
What is the purpose of using a sterile blood safety lancet during the heelstick procedure?
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Which site is recommended for finger-prick blood collection?
Which site is recommended for finger-prick blood collection?
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What is typically used to seal a stool sample container?
What is typically used to seal a stool sample container?
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What is essential for maintaining the biological integrity of venous blood specimens?
What is essential for maintaining the biological integrity of venous blood specimens?
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What type of test is often combined into a blood panel?
What type of test is often combined into a blood panel?
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What should be worn by healthcare staff before performing venipuncture?
What should be worn by healthcare staff before performing venipuncture?
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What should not be done when collecting a blood sample via finger prick?
What should not be done when collecting a blood sample via finger prick?
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What is the primary role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
What is the primary role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
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What is the first step in the lumbar puncture method for CSF collection?
What is the first step in the lumbar puncture method for CSF collection?
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Which of the following diseases can be diagnosed using cerebrospinal fluid analysis?
Which of the following diseases can be diagnosed using cerebrospinal fluid analysis?
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What is the purpose of centrifuging the cerebrospinal fluid sample?
What is the purpose of centrifuging the cerebrospinal fluid sample?
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What should be done after completing a blood collection from a newborn?
What should be done after completing a blood collection from a newborn?
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What is the appropriate method for disposing of a used lancet?
What is the appropriate method for disposing of a used lancet?
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What is the typical volume of CSF collected during a lumbar puncture?
What is the typical volume of CSF collected during a lumbar puncture?
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Which of the following actions should NOT be taken during CSF collection?
Which of the following actions should NOT be taken during CSF collection?
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What should be done before collecting samples from lesions?
What should be done before collecting samples from lesions?
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Which method is recommended for collecting material from skin lesions?
Which method is recommended for collecting material from skin lesions?
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What is an important consideration when collecting nail samples?
What is an important consideration when collecting nail samples?
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Which type of hair collection is recommended for infected areas?
Which type of hair collection is recommended for infected areas?
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At what temperature should skin and nail specimens be stored?
At what temperature should skin and nail specimens be stored?
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Which bacterium is associated with Impetigo?
Which bacterium is associated with Impetigo?
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What do you need to collect from nails for a full laboratory investigation?
What do you need to collect from nails for a full laboratory investigation?
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Which organism is linked to Onchomycosis?
Which organism is linked to Onchomycosis?
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Which of the following is a fungal infection associated with the area?
Which of the following is a fungal infection associated with the area?
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What is the primary purpose of the concentrated oral rinse method?
What is the primary purpose of the concentrated oral rinse method?
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Which method involves transferring a sterile foam pad onto a target site for sampling?
Which method involves transferring a sterile foam pad onto a target site for sampling?
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Which of the following viral infections is NOT listed as associated with the area?
Which of the following viral infections is NOT listed as associated with the area?
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What is the incubation temperature for the concentrated oral rinse culture method?
What is the incubation temperature for the concentrated oral rinse culture method?
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Study Notes
Stool Sample Collection
- Stool samples should be collected in a clean, sealable container.
- For infants, a stool sample is usually collected with a swab of the rectum.
Blood Sample Collection
- Blood is the most widely tested clinical sample globally.
- Blood tests are used to determine physiological parameters like mineral content, pharmaceutical drug effectiveness, and organ function.
- Blood samples are usually extracted from a vein.
Finger-prick method
- The best locations for finger prick are the 3rd and 4th fingers of the nondominant hand.
- Avoid the tip, center, and sides of the finger due to less soft tissue, vessels, nerves, and bone proximity.
- Avoid puncturing a cold, cyanotic, swollen, scarred, or rash-covered finger.
- Cleanse the selected puncture area and massage the finger toward the site.
- Make a perpendicular puncture just off the finger pad's center.
- Wipe away the first drop of blood because it contains excess tissue fluid.
- Collect blood drops by gentle pressure, avoiding excessive pressure or "milking."
- Cap, rotate, and invert the collection device to mix the blood.
Venous Blood Collection (Venipuncture)
- Venipuncture involves obtaining intravenous access for therapy or blood sampling.
- The median cubital vein, located in the cubital fossa anterior to the elbow, is optimal for venipuncture.
- Venous blood is advantageous over arterial blood due to its superficial location, thinner walls, larger size, and lower pressure.
Heelstick procedure for infants
- The recommended location for blood collection in infants is the heel.
- Pre-warm the heel to increase blood flow.
- Cleanse the site with an alcohol sponge and dry it with a gauze pad.
- Hold the baby's foot firmly to prevent sudden movement.
- Puncture the side of the heel across the print lines to allow blood to well up.
- Wipe away the first drop of blood and use gentle pressure to produce a rounded drop.
- Fill the required microtainer and elevate the heel after collection.
- Apply pressure to the puncture site until bleeding stops and tape or Band-Aid if needed.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Collection
- CSF is a clear, colorless fluid found in the brain and spine.
- It acts as a cushion for the brain, providing mechanical and immunological protection.
- CSF is used to diagnose diseases like meningitis, encephalitis, tuberculosis, and Alzheimer's disease.
Lumbar Puncture Method
- A hollow needle is inserted into the base of the spine under local anesthesia.
- The spinal canal's pressure is measured, and a CSF sample is collected.
- The patient lies on their side with knees pulled towards the chest and chin tucked downwards.
- The back is cleaned with a disinfectant, and local anesthesia is injected.
- A spiral needle is injected, and CSF pressure is measured before sample collection.
- The needle is cleaned, and a bandage is placed.
- The CSF is centrifuged, and the sediment and supernatant are used for diagnosis and culture respectively.
Superficial Sample Collection
- Clean lesions with surgical spirit or 70% alcohol before collecting samples.
- Include as much material as possible for comprehensive laboratory investigations.
Skin Sample Collection
- Collect material by scraping from the edges of lesions, ideally with a scalpel blade.
Nail Sample Collection
- Collect subungual debris and nail clippings from discolored, dystrophic, or brittle parts of the nail.
Hair Sample Collection
- Pluck hairs from the affected area with forceps and scrape the scalp with a scalpel.
- Preferably, the sample should include hair roots, follicle contents, and skin scales.
- Hair cut with scissors is unsatisfactory for this purpose.
- Sterile toothbrushes may be useful but preclude microscopy on the sample.
Specimen Storage
- Skin and nail specimens should be stored at room temperature.
Diseases and Microbes Associated with Infections
Skin Infections:
- Impetigo: Staphylococcus aureus
- Cellulitis and Erysipelas: Streptococcus pyogenes
- Folliculitis: Propionibacterium acnes
- Trichomycosis: Corynebacterium tenuis
Nail Infections:
- Onchomycosis: Trichophyton rubrum, T mentagrophytes, T megninii
- Candida Onchomycosis: Candida albicans.
Oral Cavity Sample Collection
- The oral cavity includes the tongue, teeth, gums, bone, and salivary glands.
Diseases Associated with the Oral Cavity:
- Fungal infections: Candidiasis, Histoplasmomiasis, Periodontitis, Cryptococcosis
- Viral infections: Herpes Simplex, Herpes Zoster, HPV Infection, CMV Infection
- Bacterial infections: Linear gingival erythema, Necrotizing Ulcerative, Mycobacterium avium complex
Methods of Sample Collection from the Oral Cavity:
- Swab: A sterile cotton swab is rubbed over the lesion tissue and inoculated onto a primary isolation medium like Sabouraud's dextrose agar (SDA).
- Concentrated Oral Rinse: The patient holds sterile phosphate-buffered saline in their mouth for 1 minute, and the solution is then concentrated and inoculated on agar.
- Imprint Culture: A sterile foam pad dipped in Sabouraud's broth is placed on the target site for 30 seconds and then transferred to an agar for culture.
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Description
This quiz covers essential techniques for collecting stool and blood samples. Learn the proper procedures, tools, and considerations for effective sample collection in a clinical setting. Perfect for students in healthcare and medical fields.
