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Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of medical professionalism?
What is the primary goal of medical professionalism?
Which aspect is NOT included in the definition of patient-centred care?
Which aspect is NOT included in the definition of patient-centred care?
Which of the following is a component of effective communication in a medical context?
Which of the following is a component of effective communication in a medical context?
What does personal and professional identity (PPId) formation aim to promote?
What does personal and professional identity (PPId) formation aim to promote?
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Which statement best describes 'ethical practice' in the medical field?
Which statement best describes 'ethical practice' in the medical field?
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What role does 'advocacy' play in medical professionalism?
What role does 'advocacy' play in medical professionalism?
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Which of the following terms reflects a core principle of resilience in medical professionalism?
Which of the following terms reflects a core principle of resilience in medical professionalism?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cultural sensitivity in patient care?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cultural sensitivity in patient care?
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What is the definition of self-care according to the World Health Organization?
What is the definition of self-care according to the World Health Organization?
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Which of the following best describes empathy?
Which of the following best describes empathy?
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What does cultural awareness entail?
What does cultural awareness entail?
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What is an important function of communication in patient-centered care?
What is an important function of communication in patient-centered care?
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How is compassion best described?
How is compassion best described?
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What role does cultural awareness play in communication?
What role does cultural awareness play in communication?
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In patient-centered care, enabling self-management involves:
In patient-centered care, enabling self-management involves:
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What is a key aspect of cross-cultural communication?
What is a key aspect of cross-cultural communication?
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What percentage of communication in face-to-face conversations is claimed to not involve spoken words?
What percentage of communication in face-to-face conversations is claimed to not involve spoken words?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a type of kinesics communication?
Which of the following is NOT considered a type of kinesics communication?
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What is an essential element of active listening as mentioned in the content?
What is an essential element of active listening as mentioned in the content?
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How can haptic communication affect interactions?
How can haptic communication affect interactions?
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What should a listener do when engaging in active listening?
What should a listener do when engaging in active listening?
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What is one of the main phrases to embrace during active listening?
What is one of the main phrases to embrace during active listening?
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What behavior was observed among primary care physicians regarding conversation interruptions?
What behavior was observed among primary care physicians regarding conversation interruptions?
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Which aspect of communication is primarily conveyed through kinesics?
Which aspect of communication is primarily conveyed through kinesics?
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What are the three main principles of the RESPECT Model for effective communication?
What are the three main principles of the RESPECT Model for effective communication?
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Which of the following is not one of the Five Cs of Effective Communication?
Which of the following is not one of the Five Cs of Effective Communication?
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According to the Mehrabian Conjecture, what percentage of communication is conveyed through body language?
According to the Mehrabian Conjecture, what percentage of communication is conveyed through body language?
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Active listening involves which of the following components?
Active listening involves which of the following components?
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Which form of communication is included in effective communication methods?
Which form of communication is included in effective communication methods?
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What aspect of communication does 'conciseness' emphasize?
What aspect of communication does 'conciseness' emphasize?
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What is the significance of showing 'curiosity' in communication?
What is the significance of showing 'curiosity' in communication?
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What is a recommended practice when engaging in non-verbal communication?
What is a recommended practice when engaging in non-verbal communication?
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What percentage of visits allow patients to complete their opening statement of concerns?
What percentage of visits allow patients to complete their opening statement of concerns?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the six principles of effective communication according to the World Health Organisation?
Which of the following is NOT one of the six principles of effective communication according to the World Health Organisation?
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What is identified as a leading root cause of sentinel events in the USA according to the Joint Commission?
What is identified as a leading root cause of sentinel events in the USA according to the Joint Commission?
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What communication method may be effective for casual messages?
What communication method may be effective for casual messages?
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What effect does a clinician’s ability to communicate have on patient outcomes?
What effect does a clinician’s ability to communicate have on patient outcomes?
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In what context should breaking bad news be ideally conducted?
In what context should breaking bad news be ideally conducted?
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Which quote emphasizes the emotional impact of communication?
Which quote emphasizes the emotional impact of communication?
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What was the total number of sentinel events documented by the Joint Commission between 1995 and 2015?
What was the total number of sentinel events documented by the Joint Commission between 1995 and 2015?
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Which of the following characteristics is NOT considered a protected characteristic under equality legislation?
Which of the following characteristics is NOT considered a protected characteristic under equality legislation?
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What is an example of indirect discrimination?
What is an example of indirect discrimination?
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What phenomenon involves making quick judgments influenced by cultural background?
What phenomenon involves making quick judgments influenced by cultural background?
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Which of the following best describes direct discrimination?
Which of the following best describes direct discrimination?
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What effect can the rise of the World Wide Web have on communication?
What effect can the rise of the World Wide Web have on communication?
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What best represents the concept of patient-centred care?
What best represents the concept of patient-centred care?
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Which element is a crucial aspect of medical professionalism?
Which element is a crucial aspect of medical professionalism?
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What role does reflective practice play in professionalism?
What role does reflective practice play in professionalism?
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Which best describes cultural sensitivity in healthcare settings?
Which best describes cultural sensitivity in healthcare settings?
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In the context of medical communication, what does altruism primarily relate to?
In the context of medical communication, what does altruism primarily relate to?
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What is the primary reason for patients not being allowed to complete their opening statement of concerns during medical visits?
What is the primary reason for patients not being allowed to complete their opening statement of concerns during medical visits?
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Which statement best encapsulates the principle of integrity in medical professionalism?
Which statement best encapsulates the principle of integrity in medical professionalism?
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What is a key feature of effective communication in patient care?
What is a key feature of effective communication in patient care?
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Which of the following principles does NOT belong to the World Health Organisation's guidelines for effective communication?
Which of the following principles does NOT belong to the World Health Organisation's guidelines for effective communication?
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Which characteristic is significant for successful leadership within medical professionalism?
Which characteristic is significant for successful leadership within medical professionalism?
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What percentage of sentinel events between 1995 and 2015 were attributed to ineffective team communication according to the Joint Commission?
What percentage of sentinel events between 1995 and 2015 were attributed to ineffective team communication according to the Joint Commission?
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Which communication medium is best suited for formal communications that require thoroughness?
Which communication medium is best suited for formal communications that require thoroughness?
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What is a notable consequence of clinicians’ inability to communicate effectively with patients?
What is a notable consequence of clinicians’ inability to communicate effectively with patients?
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In what context should breaking bad news ideally take place, according to effective communication principles?
In what context should breaking bad news ideally take place, according to effective communication principles?
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What is one major insight regarding communication for skilled communicators?
What is one major insight regarding communication for skilled communicators?
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What was the total number of sentinel events reported by the Joint Commission over a two-decade span?
What was the total number of sentinel events reported by the Joint Commission over a two-decade span?
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Which of the following best illustrates the SBAR communication technique?
Which of the following best illustrates the SBAR communication technique?
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What is a common barrier to effective communication in a clinical setting?
What is a common barrier to effective communication in a clinical setting?
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Which approach is specifically designed to assist in breaking bad news to patients?
Which approach is specifically designed to assist in breaking bad news to patients?
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Which domain is included in the Eight Domains of Good Professional Practice?
Which domain is included in the Eight Domains of Good Professional Practice?
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How does effective communication impact patient safety?
How does effective communication impact patient safety?
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What is the main focus of the PEARLS approach?
What is the main focus of the PEARLS approach?
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Which of the following represents an aspect of non-verbal communication?
Which of the following represents an aspect of non-verbal communication?
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What aspect of communication does incivility most negatively affect?
What aspect of communication does incivility most negatively affect?
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Which statement best differentiates empathy from compassion?
Which statement best differentiates empathy from compassion?
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What is a primary characteristic of cultural awareness?
What is a primary characteristic of cultural awareness?
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Which of the following best captures the essence of self-care as defined by the World Health Organization?
Which of the following best captures the essence of self-care as defined by the World Health Organization?
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In the context of effective healthcare communication, what role does engaging in collaborative decision-making play?
In the context of effective healthcare communication, what role does engaging in collaborative decision-making play?
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Which of the following statements accurately reflects a misconception about self-care?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects a misconception about self-care?
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How is cross-cultural communication primarily described?
How is cross-cultural communication primarily described?
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What dimension of communication does empathy contribute to in patient-centered care?
What dimension of communication does empathy contribute to in patient-centered care?
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What is one fundamental aspect of enabling self-management in patient-centered care?
What is one fundamental aspect of enabling self-management in patient-centered care?
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Study Notes
Medical Professionalism
- Refers to values, behaviors, and attitudes which foster professional relationships, public trust, and patient safety.
- It encompasses key elements such as compassion, self-care, communication, cultural sensitivity, integrity, honesty, patient-centered service, evidence-based practice, advocacy, and ethical practice.
- Personal and professional identity (PPId) formation plays a crucial role in promoting professionalism, leadership, reflective practice, and continuous improvement, ultimately contributing to resilience in the workplace.
Communication
- Involves the exchange of information between individuals through a shared system of symbols, signs, or behavior.
Patient-Centered Care
- Focuses on providing care that is respectful of, and responsive to, individual patient preferences, needs, and values.
- Ensures that patient values guide all clinical decisions.
Patient-Centered Functions of Communication (4 Keys)
- Fostering healing relationships.
- Enabling patient self-management.
- Responding to patient emotions.
- Exchanging information about what patients want and need, engaging in informed and collaborative decision-making.
Self-Care
- Defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the ability of individuals, families, and communities to promote health, prevent disease, maintain health, and cope with illness and disability with or without the support of a healthcare provider.
- Requires personal responsibility and self-reliance to positively impact health in the present and future.
Empathy and Compassion
- Empathy is the ability to understand and share the experiences of another, seeing things from their perspective and imagining oneself in their place.
- Compassion is the feeling or emotion when a person is moved by the suffering or distress of another, and by the desire to relieve it.
Cultural Awareness & Respect
- Refers to the awareness of one's own cultural identity, values, and beliefs, and the knowledge and acceptance of other cultures.
- Fosters a better understanding of oneself and appreciation for others.
- The RESPECT model provides a framework to remain open, show respect, and build trust with patients from diverse cultures.
Effective Communication
- The process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, opinions, knowledge, and data so that the message is received and understood with clarity and purpose.
- Both the sender and receiver feel satisfied when communication is effective.
- Occurs in many forms, including verbal and nonverbal, written, visual, and listening.
- Can take place in person, on the internet, over the phone, or by mail.
- Follows the five Cs: Clarity, Conciseness, Compellingness, Curiosity, and Compassion.
Verbal and Non-verbal Communication
- “The most important thing in communication is to hear what isn’t being said” – Peter F. Drucker.
- Requires looking, listening, and feeling to practice active listening.
Mehrabian Conjecture (55/38/7 Formula)
- Communication is 55% nonverbal (body language), 38% vocal (tone and inflection), and 7% words.
- Concludes that up to 93% of communication in face-to-face conversations does not involve what is actually said.
Kinesics or Body Language
- Includes physical cues that convey a message about one's attitude towards another person, emotional state, and relationship with the environment.
- Involves body posture, body motion, gestures, facial expressions, and eye contact.
Haptic or Touch
- Communicating by touch and is used when coming into physical contact with others.
- Handshakes are used to gain trust and introduce oneself.
- Can provide comfort, make uncomfortable, be unsafe, or be inappropriate depending on the context.
Active Listening
- Involves actively listening to the speaker's words and understanding the meaning behind them.
- Requires taking responsibility to understand the content and feeling of the message and checking back with the speaker to ensure understanding.
- Demonstrates clear interest in the speaker’s message through non-verbal signals.
- Refrains from judgment and reflects the speaker’s message through verbal paraphrasing.
- Asks the speaker to elaborate on their beliefs, feelings, and experiences.
Listening to Patients
- Physicians often interrupt patients after only 18 seconds, preventing them from fully expressing their concerns.
- This premature interruption results in the loss of relevant information.
Use the Correct Medium or Platform
- Consider whether an in-person meeting, Zoom, WhatsApp, formal email, or other communication method is appropriate for the specific context, message, and audience.
WHO Principles for Effective Communications (6 Keys)
- Accessible to decision-makers.
- Actionable by decision-makers.
- Credible and trusted by decision-makers.
- Relevant to decision-makers.
- Timely to enable decision-making.
- Understandable to decision-makers.
Communication and Patient Safety
- Communication has been identified as a leading root cause of sentinel events.
- The Joint Commission’s (TJC’s) Sentinel Event Database identifies ineffective team communication as a root cause of 66% of medical errors.
- A clinician's ability to explain, listen, and empathize can have a significant impact on patient satisfaction and experience of care.
- The Joint Commission’s US National Patient Safety Goals 2017 aim to improve the effectiveness of communication among caregivers.
Good Professional Practice
- Eight key domains exist for good professional practice as defined by the Rules for the Maintenance of Professional Competence
- These domains are: Professionalism, Clinical Skills, Relating to Patients, Communication & Interpersonal Skills, Collaboration & Teamwork, Management, Scholarship, and Self-Management.
- The eight domains are outlined in Statutory Instrument 171/2011.
Medical Professionalism at RCSI
- Values, behaviors, and attitudes that promote professional relationships, public trust, and patient safety are key to medical professionalism.
- Compassion, Cultural Sensitivity, Integrity, Honesty, Patient-Centred Service, Evidence-Based Practice, Advocacy, Reflective Practice, Continuous Improvement, Ethical Practice, Partnership, and Resilience are all crucial aspects of this.
Communication
- The act of exchanging information between individuals through shared symbols, signs, or behavior.
Patient-Centred Care
- Providing care that is respectful of, and responsive to, individual patient preferences, needs, and values.
- It ensures that patient values guide all clinical decisions.
Patient Centred Care by Communication
- Patient-centred communication can enable patient self-management, foster healing relationships, and respond to patient emotions.
- This includes engaging in informed and collaborative decision making.
Enabling Self-Care
- Self-care is the ability of individuals, families, and communities to promote health, prevent disease, maintain health, and cope with illness and disability with or without the support of a healthcare provider.
- True self-care relies on personal responsibility and self-reliance to positively impact health in the present and future.
Empathy and Compassion
- Empathy allows you to understand and share another’s experiences, see things from their point of view, and imagine yourself in their place.
- Compassion is the feeling or emotion when someone is moved by the suffering or distress of another and a desire to relieve it.
Cultural Awareness
- Awareness of one’s own cultural identity, values, and beliefs, and the knowledge and acceptance of other cultures.
- It fosters understanding of ourselves and appreciation for differences.
Cross-Cultural Communication
- The study of how verbal and nonverbal communication occurs among individuals from diverse backgrounds, geographies, and cultures.
Protected Characteristics
- Equality legislation protects against discrimination based on age, disability, marriage, civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion, belief, and sex.
Discrimination
- Unconscious bias refers to quick judgments and assessments influenced by background, cultural environment, and personal experiences.
- Direct discrimination is treating someone less favorably than another due to a protected characteristic.
- Indirect discrimination arises when applying the same provision or practice to everyone, but it disadvantages a particular group with a protected characteristic.
Digital Communication and Social Media
- The internet's emergence in 1989 changed the way individuals and professionals communicate, connecting the world and facilitating information sharing and communication.
Information and Misinformation
- The internet raises concerns over professionalism vs. unprofessionalism, respect vs. disrespect, consent and confidentiality, globalization, and privacy.
Barriers
- Choosing the right medium or communication platform is essential for effective delivery, considering in-person meetings, Zoom, WhatsApp, formal emails, priority levels, and communication types.
- The World Health Organisation (WHO) outlines six principles for effective communication in healthcare:
- Accessible to decision-makers
- Actionable by decision-makers
- Credible and trusted by decision-makers
- Relevant to decision-makers
- Timely to enable decision-making
- Understandable to decision-makers
Patient Safety
- Communication issues have been identified as a leading cause of sentinel events in the USA.
- Ineffective team communication was the root cause of 66% of medical errors between 1995 and 2015.
- Clinician's ability to explain, listen, and empathize significantly affects patient satisfaction and experience of care.
Communication and Patient Safety
- The Joint Commission's (TJC's) National Patient Safety Goals aim to improve the effectiveness of communication among caregivers.
- This emphasizes the critical role communication plays in patient safety outcomes.
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Description
This quiz explores essential aspects of medical professionalism, including values, behaviors, and attitudes that enhance patient safety and public trust. It also delves into the significance of effective communication and patient-centered care in healthcare settings. Test your knowledge on how these elements contribute to resilient and ethical medical practice.
