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Questions and Answers
What is the title of the book?
What is the title of the book?
Essentials of Medical Physiology
What is the edition of the book?
What is the edition of the book?
Sixth
Who are the authors of the book?
Who are the authors of the book?
K Sembulingam and Prema Sembulingam
Who published the book?
Who published the book?
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What is the ISBN of the book?
What is the ISBN of the book?
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Who wrote the foreword to the sixth edition?
Who wrote the foreword to the sixth edition?
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Who wrote the foreword to the first edition?
Who wrote the foreword to the first edition?
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What is the role of the cell membrane?
What is the role of the cell membrane?
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Which substances primarily make up the composition of the cell membrane?
Which substances primarily make up the composition of the cell membrane?
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The cell membrane contains integral proteins that pass entirely through the membrane.
The cell membrane contains integral proteins that pass entirely through the membrane.
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Cholesterol is responsible for the structural integrity of the lipid layer of the cell membrane, helping to 'pack' the _______.
Cholesterol is responsible for the structural integrity of the lipid layer of the cell membrane, helping to 'pack' the _______.
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Who is the Founder Chancellor of Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute?
Who is the Founder Chancellor of Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute?
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What section of the book provides information on Blood and Body Fluids?
What section of the book provides information on Blood and Body Fluids?
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What is the topic of Section 2?
What is the topic of Section 2?
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Dr Sylvia Walter is a Professor Emeritus in the Department of Physiology at Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute.
Dr Sylvia Walter is a Professor Emeritus in the Department of Physiology at Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute.
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What is the definition of physiology?
What is the definition of physiology?
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Physiology is an ancient branch of science.
Physiology is an ancient branch of science.
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List three basic physiological functions.
List three basic physiological functions.
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Human Physiology is usually studied under the following headings: General Physiology, Blood and Body Fluids, Muscle Physiology, Digestive System, Renal Physiology and Excretion, Endocrinology, Reproductive System, Cardiovascular System, ___________, Nervous System, Special Senses.
Human Physiology is usually studied under the following headings: General Physiology, Blood and Body Fluids, Muscle Physiology, Digestive System, Renal Physiology and Excretion, Endocrinology, Reproductive System, Cardiovascular System, ___________, Nervous System, Special Senses.
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What is the selective permeability function of the cell membrane?
What is the selective permeability function of the cell membrane?
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What is the function of integral proteins in the cell membrane?
What is the function of integral proteins in the cell membrane?
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Carbohydrate molecules form a thin and tight covering over the entire surface of the cell membrane.
Carbohydrate molecules form a thin and tight covering over the entire surface of the cell membrane.
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___________ molecules are attached to lipids and form glycolipids in the cell membrane.
___________ molecules are attached to lipids and form glycolipids in the cell membrane.
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What are the other functions of mitochondria mentioned in the text?
What are the other functions of mitochondria mentioned in the text?
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What is the composition of ribosomes?
What is the composition of ribosomes?
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Mitochondria are the only organelles besides the nucleus that have their own DNA.
Mitochondria are the only organelles besides the nucleus that have their own DNA.
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What are ribosomes often referred to as?
What are ribosomes often referred to as?
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What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?
What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?
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What is the primary function of microfilaments in the cell?
What is the primary function of microfilaments in the cell?
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What are the two faces of the Golgi apparatus called?
What are the two faces of the Golgi apparatus called?
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Lysosomes are known as the 'garbage system' of the cell.
Lysosomes are known as the 'garbage system' of the cell.
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Peroxisomes break down fatty acids through a process called ______.
Peroxisomes break down fatty acids through a process called ______.
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Match the following organelles with their functions:
Match the following organelles with their functions:
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What is the structural framework for organizing chromatin in the nucleus?
What is the structural framework for organizing chromatin in the nucleus?
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What is the soluble liquid part of nucleoplasm called?
What is the soluble liquid part of nucleoplasm called?
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What are the major functions of the nucleus? (Select all that apply)
What are the major functions of the nucleus? (Select all that apply)
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How are DNA molecules compactly packed in chromatin?
How are DNA molecules compactly packed in chromatin?
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What is chromatin made up of?
What is chromatin made up of?
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Study Notes
Here are the study notes for the text:
Essentials of Medical Physiology
About the Book
- Sixth edition of the book, first published in 1999
- Written by K Sembulingam PhD and Prema Sembulingam PhD
- Published by Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
Authors
- K Sembulingam PhD: affiliated with Madha Medical College & Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Prema Sembulingam PhD: affiliated with Madha Medical College & Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Foreword
- Written by Dr S Madan Kumar, Director, Madha Medical College & Research Institute
- The book is accepted by the faculty of many universities in and out of India
Preface
- The book is intended for undergraduate and postgraduate students of medical, dental, and paramedical courses
- The book is written in a student-friendly and exam-friendly manner
- The authors are thankful for the popularity of the book and the support of their fellow teachers
Acknowledgments
- The authors express gratitude to various individuals and institutions for their support and encouragement
Contents
- The book is divided into sections, with the first section covering general physiology
- Topics covered in the first section include cell, cell junctions, and transport through cell membrane### General Physiology
- Physiology is the study of functions of various systems and organs in the body.
- It is of different types, namely Human Physiology, Animal Physiology, and Plant Physiology.
Cell
- The cell is the structural and functional unit of the living body.
- Each cell needs nutrition and oxygen, produces its own energy, eliminates carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes, and maintains its environment.
- General characteristics of cells:
- Need nutrition and oxygen
- Produce energy for growth, repair, and other activities
- Eliminate carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes
- Maintain the environment for their survival
Tissue
- Tissue is a group of cells with similar function.
- There are four primary tissues:
- Muscle tissue (skeletal, smooth, and cardiac)
- Nervous tissue (neurons and supporting cells)
- Epithelial tissue (squamous, columnar, and cuboidal)
- Connective tissue (connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood)
Organ
- An organ is a structure formed by two or more primary types of tissues that execute specific functions.
- Examples of organs include the brain, heart, lungs, stomach, intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys, and endocrine glands.
Organ System
- The organ system is a group of organs that work together to carry out specific functions of the body.
- Examples of organ systems include:
- Digestive system
- Excretory system
- Cardiovascular system
- Respiratory system
- Reproductive system
- Endocrine system
- Musculoskeletal system
- Nervous system
Cell Membrane
- The cell membrane is a protective sheath that envelops the cell body.
- It is also known as the plasma membrane or plasmalemma.
- Cell membrane is a semipermeable membrane that separates the extracellular fluid (ECF) from the intracellular fluid (ICF).
- Thickness of the cell membrane varies from 75 to 111Å.
- Composition of cell membrane:
- Proteins (55%)
- Lipids (40%)
- Carbohydrates (5%)
Structure of Cell Membrane
- Unit membrane model: proposed by JD Robertson in 1957
- Fluid mosaic model: proposed by SJ Singer and GL Nicholson in 1972
- Lipid layers: central electron-lucent layer formed by lipid substances, with two electron-dense layers on either side
- Protein layers: electron-dense layers formed by proteins
Lipid Layers
- Phospholipids are the major lipids present in the lipid layer.
- Cholesterol molecules are arranged in between the phospholipid molecules.
Protein Layers
- Integral proteins: pass through the entire thickness of the cell membrane from one side to the other.
- Peripheral proteins: partially embedded in the outer and inner surfaces of the cell membrane.
Functions of Cell Membrane
- Protective function: protects the cytoplasm and organelles present in the cytoplasm.
- Selective permeability: allows only certain substances to pass through it and acts as a barrier for other substances.
- Absorptive function: nutrients are absorbed into the cell through the cell membrane.
- Others: cell membrane also plays a role in cell adhesion, cell signaling, and cell recognition.### Cell Membrane
- Integral proteins provide structural integrity to the cell membrane
- Channel proteins help in the diffusion of water-soluble substances like glucose and electrolytes
- Carrier or transport proteins help in the transport of substances across the cell membrane through active or passive transport
- Receptor proteins serve as receptor sites for hormones and neurotransmitters
- Enzymes: some protein molecules form enzymes and control chemical (metabolic) reactions within the cell membrane
- Cell adhesion molecules or integral proteins are responsible for the attachment of cells to their neighbors or to basal lamina
- Carbohydrate molecules are attached to proteins and form glycoproteins (proteoglycans) or attached to lipids and form glycolipids
- Carbohydrate molecules form a thin and loose covering over the entire surface of the cell membrane called glycocalyx
Cytoplasm
- Cytoplasm is the jelly-like material formed by 80% of water
- It contains a clear liquid portion called cytosol and various particles of different shape and size
- Particles are proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, or electrolytes in nature
- Cytoplasm also contains many organelles with distinct structure and function
Organelles in Cytoplasm
- Organelles are the cellular structures embedded in the cytoplasm
- Each organelle has a definite structure and specific functions
- Organelles are considered as small organs of the cell
Organelles with Limiting Membrane
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
- Lysosome
- Peroxisome
- Centrosome and centrioles
- Secretory vesicles
- Mitochondria
- Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Network of tubular and micrososomal vesicular structures
- Interconnected with one another
- Covered by a limiting membrane formed by proteins and bilayered lipids
- Functions:
- Synthesis of proteins
- Degradation of worn-out organelles
Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Has a rough, bumpy, or bead-like appearance
- Attached to granular ribosomes to its outer surface
- Functions:
- Synthesis of proteins
- Degradation of worn-out organelles
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Has a smooth appearance
- Functions:
- Synthesis of lipids and steroids
- Storage and metabolism of calcium
- Catabolism and detoxification of toxic substances
Golgi Apparatus
- Processing, packaging, labeling, and delivery of proteins and lipids
- Functions:
- Synthesis of non-protein substances
- Role in cellular metabolism
- Storage and metabolism of calcium
- Catabolism and detoxification of toxic substances
Lysosomes
- Membrane-bound vesicular organelles
- Contain hydrolytic enzymes
- Functions:
- Degradation of macromolecules
- Degradation of worn-out organelles
- Removal of excess secretory products
- Secretion of perforin, granzymes, melanin, and serotonin
Peroxisomes
- Breakdown of excess fatty acids
- Detoxification of hydrogen peroxide and other metabolic products
- Oxygen utilization
- Acceleration of gluconeogenesis
- Degradation of purine to uric acid
- Role in the formation of myelin and bile acids
Centrosome and Centrioles
- Centrosome is the membrane-bound cellular organelle situated near the nucleus
- Consists of two cylindrical structures called centrioles
- Functions:
- Movement of chromosomes during cell division
- Determination of shape of the cell
- Stability of cell shape
- Cellular movements
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Test your knowledge of human physiology with this quiz based on the 6th edition of Essentials of Medical Physiology by K Sembulingam and Prema Sembulingam.
