Questions and Answers
What is the main focus of Medical Parasitology?
Which of the following is NOT a part of Medical Parasitology?
Which kingdom do helminths belong to?
What is the term for the study of protozoa?
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Which of the following is an example of a protozoan parasite?
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What is the term for the study of the relationship between the host and parasite?
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What is a parasite?
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What type of parasite inhabits only the body surface of the host?
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What is the term employed for parasitization with ectoparasites?
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What type of parasite lives within the body of the host and causes an infection?
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What refers to non-parasitic stages of active existence, which live independent of the host?
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What type of parasite cannot exist without a host?
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What type of parasite may either live as parasitic form or as free-living form?
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What type of parasite infects an unusual host?
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What is a host defined as in the context of parasitology?
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What type of host is a human considered in majority of human parasitic infections?
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What is the role of an intermediate host in the life cycle of a parasite?
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What is a paratenic host?
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What is the term for a host that is not usually infected by a parasite?
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What is the term for a type of symbiotic relationship in which both host and parasite are dependent upon each other, without harm?
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In an endemic area, what is the role of a reservoir host?
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What is the term for a host that transmits the infection to another host?
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What is commensalism?
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What is the characteristic of a direct life cycle?
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What is an example of a biological vector?
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What is autoinfection?
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What is parasitism?
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What is a source of infection?
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What is an example of a mechanical vector?
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What is an indirect life cycle?
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What is the most common method of transmission of intestinal parasites?
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Which of the following is an example of vector transmission?
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What is the term for the transmission of parasitic infection from mother to fetus?
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Which of the following is a pathogenic mechanism in parasitic infections?
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What is the term for the clinical illness caused by host immune response to parasitic infection?
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What is the result of attachment of hookworms on jejunal mucosa?
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What is the term for the masses of roundworms that cause intestinal obstruction?
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Which of the following can parasitic infections remain as?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Parasitology
- Medical parasitology deals with parasites that cause human infections and the diseases they produce.
- It involves the study of host-parasite relationships, geographical distribution, habitat, morphology, lifecycle, mode of infection, disease manifestations, and treatment.
- Parasitology is divided into two parts: Protozoology and Helminthology.
Classification of Parasites
- Parasites are living organisms that depend on a living host for nourishment and survival.
- They can be classified as:
- Protozoa (unicellular organisms)
- Helminths (multicellular organisms)
- Ectoparasites inhabit the body surface of the host, while endoparasites live within the body of the host.
- Free-living parasites refer to non-parasitic stages of active existence that live independent of the host.
Types of Hosts
- Definitive host: the host in which the adult parasite lives and undergoes sexual reproduction.
- Intermediate host: the host in which the larval stage of the parasite lives or asexual multiplication takes place.
- Paratenic host: a host in which the larval stage of the parasite remains viable without further development.
- Reservoir host: a host that harbors the parasite and acts as an important source of infection to other susceptible hosts.
- Accidental host: a host in which the parasite is not usually found.
Host-Parasite Relationships
- Symbiosis: both host and parasite are dependent upon each other, with no harm caused to either.
- Commensalism: the parasite derives benefits from the association, while the host is not harmed.
- Parasitism: the parasite derives benefits, and the host is always harmed.
Life Cycle of Parasites
- Direct life cycle: a parasite requires only one host to complete its development.
- Indirect life cycle: a parasite requires two or more species of host to complete its development.
Sources of Infection
- Contaminated soil
- Contaminated water
- Contaminated food
- Animals (e.g., cow, pig, dog, cat)
- Insect vectors (biological or mechanical)
- Infected persons (carriers or patients)
- Self (autoinfection)
Modes of Infection
- Oral transmission: through contaminated food, water, soiled fingers, or fomites.
- Skin transmission: entry through skin is another important mode of transmission.
- Vector transmission: through insect bite (biological or mechanical vectors).
- Direct transmission: person-to-person contact.
- Vertical transmission: mother-to-fetus transmission.
- Iatrogenic transmission: through medical procedures (e.g., transfusion malaria, toxoplasmosis after organ transplantation).
Pathogenesis
- Parasitic infections may remain unapparent or give rise to clinical disease.
- Pathogenic mechanisms: lytic necrosis, trauma, allergic manifestations, physical obstruction, inflammatory reaction, and others.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of medical parasitology, including the study of parasites that cause human infections, host-parasite relationships, and disease manifestations.