60 Questions
What is the function of a vector in the transmission of infections?
To complete the life cycle of the pathogen
Which type of vector is a housefly in the context of transmission of parasitic forms?
Mechanical vector
What does it mean for a living creature to be an intermediate host for a parasite?
It is essential in completing some parts of the parasite's life cycle
What distinguishes a biological vector from a mechanical vector?
The development and multiplication of the pathogenic organism in its body
What is the definition of a parasite?
An organism that is dependent on another organism for all of its life cycle and metabolic requirements
Which type of parasite is a helminth?
Macroparasite
What is the term for parasites that live on the surface of the host's body?
Ectoparasites
Which infectious agents are generally excluded from the term 'parasite'?
Viruses and bacteria
What does the pathogenicity of the infection depend on?
The resistance of the host and the state of nutrition
How can Entamoeba histolytica be differentiated from nonpathogenic amebae?
By molecular methods and immunologic analysis
What laboratory method is commonly used to diagnose E.histolytica in stool samples?
Microscopic identification using wet mount and permanently stained preparations
What may make an irritated intestine more susceptible to infection?
Drugs that irritate the intestinal wall
What symptoms may indicate the involvement of the olfactory lobes in the disease?
Disturbances in smell or taste
How long does the period between contact with the organism and onset of clinical symptoms typically vary?
7–15 days
What is a characteristic feature of the laboratory diagnosis of PAM using microscopy of CSF?
Demonstration of motile amoebae in simple wet-mount preparation
Why are almost all cases of PAM diagnosed during autopsies?
Because the disease progresses rapidly
How does Naegleria fowleri enter the human body?
Through inhalation into the nose
Where is Naegleria fowleri commonly found?
Industrial plant water discharges
What is the invasive stage of Naegleria fowleri in the human body?
Trophozoite (amoeboid) form
How is primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) caused by Naegleria fowleri transmitted to humans?
By inhalation of dust containing infective forms
What is the term for an association in which both host and parasite are so dependent upon each other that one cannot live without the help of the other?
Symbiosis
What is the term for an association in which only the parasite may benefit without detectable damage to the host?
Commensalism
What is the group of closely related species known as?
Genus
What is an agent, usually an insect, that transmits infection from one human host to another known as?
Vector
What is the characteristic motility of Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoite?
Whip-like and jerky
How does Chilomastix mesnili spread from one person to another?
Via contaminated water or food
Which medication is considered as effective as metronidazole for treating giardiasis?
Tinidazole
Where does Trichomonas vaginalis primarily inhabit in the human body?
Urinary bladder
What is the transmission stage of Giardia lamblia?
Cysts
Where do the trophozoites of Giardia lamblia primarily attach?
Jejunum
What may extremely large numbers of Giardia lamblia trophozoites lead to?
Nutrient uptake blockage
Which laboratory method can be used to detect anti-Giardia antibodies in patients' serum?
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
What is the role of lipophosphoglycan (LPG) in the pathogenesis and evasion of host immunity?
It helps in the adhesion to host cells
How are symptoms of trichomoniasis different in infected females and males?
Females experience dysuria and low abdominal discomfort, while males are usually asymptomatic
What is the most traditional method for the laboratory diagnosis of trichomoniasis?
Microscopic examination
Why is it challenging to diagnose T. vaginalis based solely on classic symptoms?
Because the symptoms are synonymous with those of other STDs
What is the transmission stage of Giardia lamblia?
Cysts
Where do the trophozoites of Giardia lamblia primarily attach?
Jejunum
What symptoms may extremely large numbers of Giardia lamblia trophozoites lead to?
Severe diarrhea of steatorrhoea type
How is Giardia lamblia transmitted to humans?
Through contaminated water and food
Which antibiotic can often treat giardiasis in a single dose and is as effective as metronidazole?
Tinidazole
Which parasite inhabits the human urogenital tract and is responsible for trichomoniasis?
Trichomonas vaginalis
What is the resistant cyst stage in the life cycle of Chilomastix mesnili responsible for?
Transmission
How many flagella does Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoite have?
5
What are the symptoms of trichomoniasis in females?
Vaginal discharge, irritation, and low abdominal discomfort
What is the primary method for laboratory diagnosis of trichomoniasis?
Microscopic examination
What is the role of infected males in trichomoniasis?
They are usually asymptomatic carriers of infection
What type of antibiotics are commonly used to treat trichomoniasis?
Nitroimidazole antibiotics
What is the primary method of transmission for Leishmaniasis?
Sandfly bites
In which hosts is the life cycle of Leishmania completed?
Humans and sandflies
What is the term 'New World' used to refer to in the context of Leishmaniasis?
The Americas
What is the natural reservoir host for Leishmania?
Humans, dogs, and wild rodents
Where do the amastigotes replicate in the human body?
In the reticuloendothelial cells of the skin
What can cause an open sore at the bite sites in cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Presence of L.tropica, L.major, L.aethiopica
What is the main habitat of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Inside reticuloendothelial cells of the skin
What is the main route for transmission of Leishmaniasis to a new host?
Migration to fresh cells in the skin
What is the secondary form of kala-azar called?
Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis
What is the cause of PKDL?
Reversal of L.donovani from viscerotropic to dermatotropic
Which test is negative in active cases of kala-azar due to impaired cell-mediated immunity?
Leishmanin test
How can the diagnosis of PKDL be established?
Visualization of amastigotes in splenic or bone marrow aspirate
Test your knowledge of the fundamental concepts in medical parasitology with this quiz. Learn about parasites, their life cycles, diseases they cause, and methods of diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.
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