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Questions and Answers
Which type of mycoses is primarily associated with systemic infections in patients with weakened immune systems?
Which type of mycoses is primarily associated with systemic infections in patients with weakened immune systems?
What is the asexual reproductive structure produced by the transformation of a vegetative yeast or hyphal cell in fungi?
What is the asexual reproductive structure produced by the transformation of a vegetative yeast or hyphal cell in fungi?
Which of the following fungi is known to cause thrush?
Which of the following fungi is known to cause thrush?
What characteristic is associated with molds as opposed to yeasts?
What characteristic is associated with molds as opposed to yeasts?
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The cell wall of fungi serves multiple purposes. Which of the following is NOT a function of the fungal cell wall?
The cell wall of fungi serves multiple purposes. Which of the following is NOT a function of the fungal cell wall?
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What is a defining feature of Pityriasis Versicolor?
What is a defining feature of Pityriasis Versicolor?
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Which of the following infections is classified under endemic and dimorphic mycoses?
Which of the following infections is classified under endemic and dimorphic mycoses?
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Which structure primarily anchors a fungal colony and absorbs nutrients?
Which structure primarily anchors a fungal colony and absorbs nutrients?
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What is the most prevalent species of the Rhizopus genus causing mucormycosis?
What is the most prevalent species of the Rhizopus genus causing mucormycosis?
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Which condition significantly increases the risk of developing mucormycosis?
Which condition significantly increases the risk of developing mucormycosis?
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Which of the following is a common yeast species responsible for candidiasis?
Which of the following is a common yeast species responsible for candidiasis?
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What type of clinical form is majorly associated with mucormycosis?
What type of clinical form is majorly associated with mucormycosis?
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What is the primary cause of thrombosis and necrosis in rhinocerebral mucormycosis?
What is the primary cause of thrombosis and necrosis in rhinocerebral mucormycosis?
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Which of the following conditions is NOT a risk factor for mucormycosis?
Which of the following conditions is NOT a risk factor for mucormycosis?
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Which of the following is NOT a species of the Candida genus?
Which of the following is NOT a species of the Candida genus?
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What structural adaptation do Candida species demonstrate when cultured or in tissue?
What structural adaptation do Candida species demonstrate when cultured or in tissue?
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Which of the following species is NOT a key dermatophyte responsible for dermatophytosis?
Which of the following species is NOT a key dermatophyte responsible for dermatophytosis?
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What is the typical clinical feature of tinea corporis?
What is the typical clinical feature of tinea corporis?
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Which demographic is most commonly affected by dermatophyte infections?
Which demographic is most commonly affected by dermatophyte infections?
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In which location are lesions of tinea pedis typically found?
In which location are lesions of tinea pedis typically found?
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What is the primary mechanism through which dermatophyte infections are acquired?
What is the primary mechanism through which dermatophyte infections are acquired?
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How do dermatophytes respond to the body's temperature?
How do dermatophytes respond to the body's temperature?
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What clinical feature is associated with tinea capitis?
What clinical feature is associated with tinea capitis?
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What treatment is commonly used for infections caused by Malassezia furfur complex?
What treatment is commonly used for infections caused by Malassezia furfur complex?
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What is a unique characteristic of Candida albicans compared to other Candida species?
What is a unique characteristic of Candida albicans compared to other Candida species?
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What common risk factor is associated with the development of thrush?
What common risk factor is associated with the development of thrush?
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Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of vaginal thrush?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of vaginal thrush?
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Which method is commonly used to treat oral thrush?
Which method is commonly used to treat oral thrush?
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Identify the pH range that distinguishes Candida-related vaginal thrush from other forms of infectious vaginitis.
Identify the pH range that distinguishes Candida-related vaginal thrush from other forms of infectious vaginitis.
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What is the primary mechanism of how Candida cells establish cutaneous or mucosal candidiasis?
What is the primary mechanism of how Candida cells establish cutaneous or mucosal candidiasis?
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Which treatment requires escalation for cases of esophageal thrush?
Which treatment requires escalation for cases of esophageal thrush?
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Which of the following is NOT a risk factor specifically associated with genital thrush?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor specifically associated with genital thrush?
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What is the primary risk factor for developing invasive Aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients?
What is the primary risk factor for developing invasive Aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients?
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Which of the following describes a common clinical presentation of invasive Aspergillosis?
Which of the following describes a common clinical presentation of invasive Aspergillosis?
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What is the reported mortality rate for patients with invasive Aspergillosis?
What is the reported mortality rate for patients with invasive Aspergillosis?
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Which diagnostic method has low sensitivity and specificity for identifying invasive Aspergillosis?
Which diagnostic method has low sensitivity and specificity for identifying invasive Aspergillosis?
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Which of the following is a risk factor for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in organ transplant recipients?
Which of the following is a risk factor for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in organ transplant recipients?
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What distinct radiographic feature is associated with invasive Aspergillosis?
What distinct radiographic feature is associated with invasive Aspergillosis?
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What major symptom is associated with Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia?
What major symptom is associated with Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia?
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Which treatment approach is typically used for Pneumocystis pneumonia?
Which treatment approach is typically used for Pneumocystis pneumonia?
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What immune system condition increases the risk for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia?
What immune system condition increases the risk for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia?
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Which organ transplant recipients have the highest incidence of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia?
Which organ transplant recipients have the highest incidence of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia?
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Which systemic fungal infection is a 60-year-old male in Tuscon, Arizona, at risk of contracting while on Humira?
Which systemic fungal infection is a 60-year-old male in Tuscon, Arizona, at risk of contracting while on Humira?
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Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding onychomycosis?
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding onychomycosis?
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Which characteristic is NOT associated with yeast?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with yeast?
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Which type of mycosis affects the subcutaneous tissue?
Which type of mycosis affects the subcutaneous tissue?
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Which of the following conditions is most likely to involve a marked immunosuppression?
Which of the following conditions is most likely to involve a marked immunosuppression?
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Which statement about Sporotrichosis is correct?
Which statement about Sporotrichosis is correct?
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What is indiciative of infection by Candida species?
What is indiciative of infection by Candida species?
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What is a common feature of both cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses?
What is a common feature of both cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses?
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Study Notes
Medical Mycology
- This is the study of fungi
- 80,000 species of fungi have been described
- Less than 50 cause more than 90% of fungal infections in humans and other animals
- Fungal infections are called mycoses
- Most pathogenic fungal infections come from exogenous sources like water, soil, and organic debris
- Other infections are caused by fungi part of the normal human flora.
- Different fungi can cause superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, or systemic infections. Opportunistic infections occur in immunocompromised patients.
Fungal Infections: Types
- Superficial: Affect the epidermis (e.g., tinea versicolor, ringworm)
- Cutaneous: Affect keratinized tissue (e.g., skin, hair, and nails. Athlete's foot, jock itch, onychomycosis are part of this group).
- Subcutaneous: Affect subcutaneous tissues (e.g., sporotrichosis)
- Systemic: Invade internal organs (e.g., histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, aspergillosis, and various forms of candidiasis)
- Opportunistic: Occur when the immune system is weakened (e.g., candidiasis in patients with HIV/AIDS)
Fungal Classification
- Yeast: Unicellular, oval shaped
- Molds: Multiple identical nuclei/consisting of branching tubular hyphae
- Reproduction types: mitosis and budding in yeast, spores for molds
Mycological Infections: Specific Examples
- Histoplasmosis: Caused by Histoplasma capsulatum
- Coccidioidomycosis: Caused by Coccidioides immitis
- Blastomycosis: Caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis
- Paracoccidioidomycosis: Caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
- Sporotrichosis: Caused by Sporothrix schenckii
- Mycetoma (Madura Foot): Caused by soil dwelling fungi
- Candidiasis: Caused by Candida species (a common yeast normally found on skin and mucus membranes), a common systemic mycosis
Fungal Infections: Onychomycosis
- Fungal infection of the nails
- Infection starts under the nail plate (hyponychium)
- Nails appear thickened, distorted, crumbly, and yellowed
- Mold, rather than yeast, is the more common cause
- OTC therapy not very effective
Fungal Infections: Cryptococcosis
- Caused by Cryptococcus neoformans
- Occurs in 6-10% of AIDS patients
- Usually found in the environment
- Presents commonly as meningitis in immunocompromised individuals
Fungal Infections: Aspergillosis
- Caused by Aspergillus species
- Often causes pneumonia in immunocompromised patients
- Can lead to vascular invasion, tissue necrosis, thrombosis, and dissemination to other organs
- Can be influenced by medications that cause false positive assays or test results
Fungal Infections: Pneumocystis Pneumonia
- Caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci
- Primarily affects immunocompromised patients (e.g., HIV/AIDS)
- Characterized by marked hypoxemia (low oxygen levels)
Fungal Infections: Candidiasis
- Caused by Candida species
- Common in immunocompromised individuals
- Can cause oral thrush or vaginal thrush
Treatments (general)
- Treatment depends on the specific type of mycosis and patient factors
- Often include: surgical/mechanical removal, topical/oral antifungals, and/or systemic antifungal medications.
- In some cases, a combination of therapies may be required.
Risk factors for medical mycoses
- Immunocompromised individuals (HIV/AIDS, transplant patients)
- Use of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressant medications
- Diabetes
- Certain procedures (e.g., surgical procedures, catheters)
- Medications like SGLT-2 inhibitors
Important Considerations/Additional Notes
- Geographic areas and environments can predispose to certain infections
- Some fungi are dimorphic (exist in both mold and yeast forms depending on environmental conditions)
- Fungi infections are often associated with other medical issues.
- Proper diagnosis is essential to provide appropriate treatment for each type of infection
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of fungi with this quiz on Medical Mycology. Learn about the different types of fungal infections, their causes, and how they impact human health. From superficial to systemic infections, test your knowledge and understanding of mycoses.
