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Questions and Answers
Which dermatophyte species is not included in the list of common species?
Which dermatophyte species is not included in the list of common species?
What is the primary mode of transmission for dermatophyte infections?
What is the primary mode of transmission for dermatophyte infections?
Which of the following conditions is characterized as a fungal infection of the nails?
Which of the following conditions is characterized as a fungal infection of the nails?
Which opportunistic mycosis is commonly associated with individuals suffering from diabetes?
Which opportunistic mycosis is commonly associated with individuals suffering from diabetes?
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What type of mycosis is characterized by infections involving multiple organ systems?
What type of mycosis is characterized by infections involving multiple organ systems?
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What component is found in the cell wall of fungi?
What component is found in the cell wall of fungi?
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Which of the following fungi can reproduce by budding?
Which of the following fungi can reproduce by budding?
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Dimorphic fungi exhibit which of the following growth patterns?
Dimorphic fungi exhibit which of the following growth patterns?
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Which type of mycosis is characterized by infection of the outermost skin layers?
Which type of mycosis is characterized by infection of the outermost skin layers?
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What is an example of a primary pathogenic fungus?
What is an example of a primary pathogenic fungus?
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Which of the following is NOT a feature of moulds?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of moulds?
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What is the primary cause of superficial mycosis?
What is the primary cause of superficial mycosis?
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Which of the following fungi is known for forming pseudohyphae?
Which of the following fungi is known for forming pseudohyphae?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Medical Mycology (Lecture 13 & 14)
- Fungi are eukaryotic organisms with true nuclei and nuclear membranes.
- Fungi have a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, β-D-glucan, mannan (Candida), and galactomannan (Aspergillus).
- The cell membrane contains ergosterol.
- Fungi also contain cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosomes, and mitochondria.
Morphology of Fungi
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Moulds (Filamentous Fungi): Branching filaments (hyphae) which may be septate or non-septate. A mass of hyphae is called a mycelium.
- Examples: Aspergillus, Penicillium (septate), Mucor (non-septate).
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Yeasts: Unicellular, rounded or oval in shape. Reproduce by budding. Buds can separate from the mother cell or stay attached to form pseudohyphae.
- Examples: Cryptococcus neoformans, Malassezia, Candida.
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Dimorphic Fungi: Grow as yeasts during body infection (at 37°C) and as moulds at room temperature (25°C).
- Example: Histoplasma capsulatum.
Classification of Medical Fungi
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Primary Pathogenic Fungi (Endemic Mycosis): Cause disease in immunocompetent individuals.
- Example: Histoplasma capsulatum (dimorphic fungus)
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Opportunistic Fungi: Cause disease in immunocompromised individuals.
- Example: Candida.
Human Mycosis
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Definition: Disease caused by fungi.
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Types of Mycoses:
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1. Superficial Mycosis: Infection of outermost skin layers.
- Example: Pityriasis versicolor (caused by Malassezia spp., skin normal flora).
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2. Cutaneous Mycosis: Infection extending deeper into the dermis, hair, and nails. Also known as Dermatophytosis (Tinea). Caused by keratinophilic filamentous fungi called dermatophytes.
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Examples: Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton.
- Different types of tinea, based on affected body part:
- Tinea capitis (scalp hair)
- Tinea barbae (beard/moustache)
- Tinea corporis (smooth skin)
- Tinea pedis ("athlete's foot") (toe web and sole)
- Tinea cruris (groin)
- Tinea unguium (nails) (onychomycosis).
- Different types of tinea, based on affected body part:
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Examples: Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton.
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3. Subcutaneous Mycosis: Infection involving subcutaneous tissue, muscle, and fascia.
- Example: Mycetoma
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4. Systemic Mycosis: Infection involving many organ systems.
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5. Opportunistic Mycoses: Fungal infections in immunocompromised individuals.
- Examples: Aspergillus (Allergic, Pulmonary, Invasive), Cryptococcosis (pigeon droppings, HIV patients), Mucormycosis (diabetic patients), Candidiasis (oral, vaginal, cutaneous, UTI).
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Mycotoxicosis
- Poisoning of man and animals due to ingestion of food contaminated with fungal toxins.
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Examples:
- Aflatoxin (Aspergillus flavus): Liver damage, hepatocellular carcinoma.
- Ochratoxin (Aspergillus or Penicillium): Kidney damage.
Quiz Questions (Page 15)
- Q1: Ergosterol is a component of the fungal cell membrane.
- Q2: Tinea pedis is a fungal infection of the toe web and sole.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of fungi in this quiz covering key concepts from Lecture 13 and 14 of Introduction to Medical Mycology. Learn about the morphology, cellular structure, and classification of various fungi. Test your knowledge on eukaryotic organisms, moulds, yeasts, and dimorphic fungi.
