microbiology
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a condition of Koch's Postulate?

  • Microorganism should be resolved by genetic sequencing (correct)
  • Microorganism must be isolated in pure culture
  • Isolated microorganisms must produce the disease when inoculated into a host
  • Microorganism must be associated with the disease

    • What was one of Robert Koch's major achievements?

  • Identification of the role of T cells in immunity
  • Use of solid medium in bacteriology (correct)
  • Development of antibiotics from mould
  • Discovery of vaccines for viral diseases

    • Which microorganism exemplifies an exception to Koch's Postulate because it cannot be cultured in laboratory settings?

  • Treponema pallidum (correct)
  • Vibrio cholerae
  • Brucella abortus
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis

    • Who discovered that avirulent bacteria could be used for vaccination results, leading to the concept of vaccines?

    <p>Louis Pasteur (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition highlights the concept that not all pathogens cause disease in healthy individuals, as part of the exceptions to Koch's Postulate?

    <p>Many healthy individuals carry pathogens asymptomatically (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine is primarily composed of live, attenuated microorganisms?

    <p>Attenuated vaccine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine works by introducing a fragment of a microorganism to induce an immune response?

    <p>Subunit vaccine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of herd immunity?

    <p>To protect those who cannot be vaccinated by limiting exposure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine type is created from inactivated toxic compounds, rather than the microorganisms themselves?

    <p>Toxoid vaccine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of vaccines are chemicals or heat used to kill previously virulent microorganisms?

    <p>Killed vaccine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What innovative approach does a conjugate vaccine use to enhance immune response?

    <p>Linking polysaccharides to proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immunotherapy is primarily aimed at what in the context of cancer treatment?

    <p>Inducing an immune response against cancer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic benefit of attenuated vaccines compared to other types?

    <p>They typically induce longer-lasting immunity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is noted as the smallest in size within the observed range?

    <p>Protozoa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significant observation made by Hippocrates regarding illness?

    <p>Changes in environmental factors can impact health. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is recognized as the first individual to observe and describe bacteria?

    <p>Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Francesco Redi's experiment aim to disprove?

    <p>The concept of spontaneous generation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the germ theory of diseases finally established, rejecting abiogenesis?

    <p>1859 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant contribution did the germ theory provide to medical science?

    <p>The development of public health policies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that living things can arise spontaneously from non-living matter?

    <p>Theory of Abiogenesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary factor did Louis Pasteur's experiments address in relation to disease causation?

    <p>Microbes as agents of disease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between temperature and time in sterilization?

    <p>Temperature and time are inversely proportional. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is effective in removing microbes but does not kill them?

    <p>Filtration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of radiation has the most effective wavelength for microbial inactivation?

    <p>260 nm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor demands longer sterilization time or higher temperature due to the number of microorganisms present?

    <p>Species and strain of microorganisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which filtration material is used for air filtration and is efficient in biological safety cabinets?

    <p>HEPA filters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main disadvantage of the presence of organic material during sterilization?

    <p>It decreases the effectiveness of heat. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rays have more penetrative power in the context of ionizing radiation?

    <p>Gamma rays (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of heat is considered more effective for sterilization?

    <p>Moist heat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of high-level disinfectants?

    <p>To treat items that cannot withstand sterilization procedures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical is primarily used for sterilizing HEPA filters?

    <p>Formaldehyde (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the efficiency of HEPA filters?

    <p>99.97% efficiency for particles larger than 0.3 μm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor does NOT affect the effectiveness of disinfecting procedures?

    <p>Color of the disinfectant solution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of glutaraldehyde that makes it a safety concern?

    <p>It can act as a carcinogen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following agents is NOT typically classified as a high-level disinfectant?

    <p>Alcohol-based solutions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one condition that may decrease the effectiveness of disinfectants?

    <p>Presence of organic material (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is ethylene oxide preferred over formaldehyde in some sterilization processes?

    <p>It is less toxic and harmful. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the mammalian immune system in relation to self antigens?

    <p>To not react harmfully to self antigens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately differentiates immunogenicity from antigenicity?

    <p>Immunogenicity is the stimulation of an immune response, while antigenicity is the ability to bind immune products. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an incomplete antigen?

    <p>A non-immunogenic substance that can still react with antibodies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the adaptive immune system return to its resting state after an immune response?

    <p>Via self-limitation leading to homeostasis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes humoral immunity from cell-mediated immunity?

    <p>Humoral immunity is denoted by antibodies, whereas cell-mediated immunity involves direct cell interactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of antigens requires the assistance of T cells for B cell activation?

    <p>Complete antigens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do haptens play in the immune response?

    <p>They bind antibodies but cannot initiate an immune response on their own. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the immune response to foreign antigens?

    <p>It enhances the immune system's ability to respond to previous antigens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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