Medical Management and Public Health Overview

Medical Management Overview

• Medical management encompasses healthcare organizations, what influences health, health services, the environment affecting healthcare organizations, and future trends/developments in healthcare management.
• Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.
• Basic human right to achieve the highest attainable standard of health.
• Public health is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health.

Public Health Defined

• Public health considers the organized efforts of society, organizations, communities, and individuals.

The Mission of Public Health

• Fulfilling society's interest in ensuring conditions in which people can be healthy.
• Aiming to provide maximum benefit for the largest number of people.

Public Health Key Terms

• Clinical care - prevention, treatment, and management of illness/wellbeing by medical and allied professionals
• Determinant - factors contributing to a trait (eg, genetic predisposition)
• Epidemic/Outbreak - the occurrence of cases of an illness or behavior exceeding normal levels.
• Health Outcome - the result of a medical condition impacting lifespan or quality of life.

Individual and Population Health

• Individual health - physical ability, emotions, socialization, blood pressure, absence of pain.
• Population health - birth rates, life expectancy, death rates, prevalence of diseases, and averages of individual measures.

Role of HCO Managers

• HCOs historically focused on individual patient health; now broaden to improve their local population's health.
• Managers need to improve health at both community and individual levels.

Determinants of Health

• Healthcare, Individual Behavior, Physical Environment, Genetics, Social Environment, affect health outcomes.

Components of Determinants of Health

• Genetics - starting point for health, influencing risk of diseases.
• Healthcare services - from womb to tomb, crucial in improving health.
• Individual behaviors - affect health directly (eg, smoking, diet).
• Physical environment - affects health through sanitation, climate, pollution.
• Social environment - includes factors like socioeconomic status, discrimination, and education impacting health.

Healthcare and Health Service Types

• Preventative, diagnostic, curative, rehabilitative, and end-of-life care, are part of a continuum
• Healthcare and health services operate as a continuum covering a wide range of services.

Continuum of Care (CoC)

• A comprehensive range of healthcare services from prenatal to end-of-life care.
• Incorporates all other essential health services.

Healthcare Organization Types

• Ambulatory Organizations- offer care without overnight stays., such as ambulatory surgery centers, counseling offices, sports medicine businesses and urgent care facilities
• Public Health Organizations- help and support public health.
• Home Care organizations- Provide an array of nursing and health services in people's homes.

HCO Associations

• Associations improve people's health through research funding, education, risk factor reduction and treatment assistance.

Healthcare Organizations

• Medical supply firms produce medical supplies and equipment.
• Healthcare insurance companies assist with healthcare financing.
• Professional and governmental organizations regulate HCOs and educate healthcare professionals.
• Philanthropic organizations fund research or provide grants.

External Environment of HCOs

• An HCO is affected by factors outside the organization, including people, organizations, industries, trends, and forces.
• External environment sectors to consider are industry, raw materials, human resources, financial, market, technology, economic conditions, governmental, natural, sociocultural and international sectors.

Healthcare Trends and Future Development

• Workforce - HCOs must develop diverse workforces engaged in safety, well-being and job satisfaction.
• Payment models - payments are increasingly tied to healthcare quality, patient experiences, clinical outcomes.
• Consolidation - HCOs consolidate into larger organizations
• Health science and technology - ongoing advances affect how healthcare is provided and received.
• Big Data and Predictive analytics - HCOs use big data to predict future health problems.

Stakeholders of HCOs

• Stakeholders (individuals and other organizations) who have stake in an HCO, including employees, patients, media, creditors, physicians, businesses, other HCO organisations.

Types of Healthcare Organizations and Jobs

• A variety of healthcare organizations provide services and jobs ranging from accountable care organizations, ambulatory clinics, healthcare alliances, diagnostic centers, health insurance organisations; to research institutions and respite facilities.

New Graduate Careers

• New graduates start with entry-level positions in healthcare, advancing to middle, and upper management.

Health Disparities

• Health disparities are differences in health linked to social, economic, or environmental disadvantages (eg, based on gender, ethnicity, disability, location, other factors).

Important Considerations for Managers

• Healthcare managers need to consider relationships among organizations and their external environment to effectively run HCOs.
• They also need to be open to and understand external influences.

General Review:

• The continuum of care (CoC) is a comprehensive delivery system of healthcare.
• HCOs depend on their external environment, and stakeholders.