Medical Laboratory Science (MLS 312) Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What defines symbiosis in biological terms?

  • A close relationship with mutual benefits and dependency. (correct)
  • An association that leads to host injury and disease.
  • A temporary association without dependency.
  • A predatory relationship where one benefits at the other's expense.

    • Which of the following best describes phoresis?

  • A state of imbalance leading to noticeable symptoms.
  • A short-term interaction with no metabolic dependence. (correct)
  • An association that is obligatory for survival.
  • A relationship where one organism injures another.

    • In the context of predation, what is a predator?

  • An individual that causes injury to its host.
  • A creature that benefits from killing and consuming another. (correct)
  • An organism that shares resources with another.
  • A species that relies on another for survival.

    • How do parasitosis and parasitiasis differ?

    <p>Parasitiasis involves a host capable of repair, while parasitosis does not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly represents the suffix used for parasites that cause disease?

    <p>--osis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a relationship that showcases predation?

    <p>Cats hunting rats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the term 'parasitiasis' characterized?

    <p>Is a symptomless condition where the host can still function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the host's condition in parasitosis?

    <p>The host experiences a state of imbalance with noticeable symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of parasite can lead both a free and parasitic existence?

    <p>Temporary parasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of parasite completely depends on its host for survival?

    <p>Obligate parasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of parasite is known for establishing itself in a host it does not ordinarily live in?

    <p>Incidental parasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes opportunistic parasites from other types?

    <p>They cause disease only in immuno-deficient hosts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which host type harbors the sexually mature stages of a parasite?

    <p>Definitive host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of parasite passes through the alimentary tract without infecting the host?

    <p>Coprozoic or spurious parasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an amplifier host?

    <p>It undergoes multiplication of the parasite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of parasite does not cause harm to its host?

    <p>Non-pathogenic (commensal) parasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hyperplasia in the context of tissue response to parasites?

    <p>An increase in the rate of cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parasitic condition is associated with hypertrophy?

    <p>Enlarged red blood cells during <em>Plasmodium vivax</em> infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the process of metaplasia?

    <p>Another type of tissue formation occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about neoplasia?

    <p>It can lead to tumor formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of damage do hookworms cause when they enter a host?

    <p>Immediate tissue destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parasite is known to cause hyperplasia in the urinary bladder?

    <p><em>Schistosoma haematobium</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cercariae of certain Schistosomes can cause what type of damage?

    <p>Tissue damage during penetration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential consequences of parasitism affecting host tissues?

    <p>Abnormal growth patterns in tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptation helps some parasites, such as nematodes, to invade host tissues more effectively?

    <p>Well-developed piercing devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adaptations is commonly found in endoparasites to protect them from the host's digestive enzymes?

    <p>Resistant outer covering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do internal parasites primarily locate the optimal area within their host?

    <p>High chemo sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of haustoria in parasitic plants such as cuscuta?

    <p>Absorption of nutrients from the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do internal parasites typically exhibit reduced sensory organs?

    <p>Due to the relatively constant environmental conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enables parasites like hirudinaria to feed on blood without causing clotting?

    <p>Anticoagulant production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structural modification is typically absent in endoparasites?

    <p>Feeding organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What morphological characteristic is often observed in internal parasites for better attachment to the host?

    <p>Dorsi-ventral flattening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a reservoir host in the context of parasitism?

    <p>A host that harbors a parasite and serves as an infection source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines superinfection?

    <p>Reinfection with the same species of parasite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do mechanical vectors differ from biological vectors?

    <p>Mechanical vectors do not play an essential role in the life cycle of a parasite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of adaptation allows parasites to survive within their hosts?

    <p>Physiological adaptation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of host can be defined as accidental or incidental?

    <p>A host that harbors a parasite but not in a typical manner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is autoinfection?

    <p>A situation where an infected individual reinfects themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an organism as a parasite?

    <p>An organism that lives on or in another, benefiting at the host's expense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes a carrier host?

    <p>Does not exhibit any clinical signs while spreading the parasite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hyperthyroidism in chickens affect the growth of Ascaridia galli?

    <p>It increases their length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do sex hormones play in the development of Toxocara canis?

    <p>They are necessary for its development in female dogs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do adults over thirty usually not get infected with human schistosomes?

    <p>Their tissues become unsuitable for the parasite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of immunity on parasites as described?

    <p>Antibodies may stunt growth or kill the parasite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does host specificity imply for helminths?

    <p>Helminths require specific environments for development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does parasite density affect reproductive capacity in helminths?

    <p>Increased density reduces reproductive capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can primary infection with Leishmania indicate regarding future infections?

    <p>It confers a degree of immunity to reinfection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is premonition in relation to parasitic infections?

    <p>It is the temporary resistance to reinfection during an active infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Medical Laboratory Science (MLS 312)

    • Course Content:
      • Introduction to parasitism and animal associations
      • Parasitic life cycle adaptation
      • Mechanisms of parasite invasion of hosts
      • Ineffective agents of parasites

    Parasitology

    • Definition: The study of organisms that live temporarily or permanently on or within other living things to obtain nourishment.
    • Organisms Included: Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, arthropods, and certain other borderline taxa (including spirochetes), and viruses, although in a restricted sense it is animal parasites.

    Parasite

    • Definition: An organism entirely dependent on another organism (the host) for part or all of its life cycle and metabolic needs.
    • Broader Application: The term can apply to any infectious agent, but conventionally refers to protozoan and helminthic infections.
    • Types of Parasites:
      • Microparasites: Small single-celled organisms that multiply within their host, often inside host cells. Examples include protozoa.
      • Macroparasites: Large multicellular organisms that have no direct reproduction within their host. Examples include helminths.

    Types of Parasites (Continued):

    • Classification: Parasites can be classified by habitat or location.
    • Ectoparasites: Live on the outside of the host, such as fleas, lice, and ticks. They cannot sustain continuous parasitic existence.
    • Endoparasites: Live inside the host, such as all protozoan and helminthic parasites of humans.

    Additional Parasite Types

    • Temporary (facultative): Capable of independent existence in addition to parasitic life.
    • Permanent (obligate): Entirely dependent on the host for survival.
    • Incidental: Lives in a host where it does not normally live.
    • Occasional/Periodic: Seeks its host intermittently for nourishment.
    • Pseudoparasite: A false parasite, something mistaken for a parasite.
    • Coprozoic/Spurious: Passes through the host's digestive system without infecting it.

    Host Classification

    • Definitive host: Harbors the adult stage or most highly developed form of the parasite (e.g. man as definitive host of Taenia solium).
    • Intermediate host: Harbors the larval or immature stage of a parasite. Fertilization doesn't occur in this stage (e.g. cow as intermediate host of Taenia saginata).
    • Amplifier host: Intermediate hosts where the parasites multiply.
    • Reservoir host: Wild or domestic animal that harbours a parasite that can infect humans.
    • Carrier host: A host that harbours and disseminates a parasite without showing signs of illness.
    • Accidental/Incidental host: A host that is not the usual host for the parasite but can become infected.

    Parasite Adaptations

    • Structural:
      • Absence of feeding organs in endoparasites
      • Specialized mouthparts (e.g., aphids)
      • Piercing devices (e.g., nematodes)
      • Resistant outer coverings
      • Reduced sensory and nervous systems
      • Flattened body shape for attachment (e.g. Ascaris with muscular pharynx)
      • Development of haustoria in parasitic plants for nutrient absorption
    • Physiological:
      • Production of hydrolysing enzymes to digest host tissues
      • Anticoagulants in blood-feeding parasites
      • Chemo-sensitivity for optimal host location
      • Digestive enzymes for penetration
      • Anaerobic respiration
      • Resistance to host toxins or metabolites
      • Escape mechanisms from host immune responses
    • Reproductive:
      • High reproductive rate
      • Toughened reproductive bodies (e.g., cysts)
      • Complex reproductive cycles
      • Use of secondary hosts for survival

    Host-Parasite Relationships

    • Parasitism: An intimate relationship where one organism benefits from harming another.
    • Commensalism: An association where one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited.
    • Mutualism: A relationship where both organisms benefit.
    • Symbiosis: An intimate association where both species are mutually dependent or benefit from the relationship.
    • Phoresis: A temporary association in which one organism is carried by another, without metabolic dependence.
    • Predation: An association where one organism feeds on another for nourishment.

    Effects of Parasites on Hosts

    • Direct Effects:
      • Mechanical injury via pressure from parasite growth
      • Toxin production
      • Nutrient or fluid depletion
      • Host tissue destruction
      • Host immune system over-activation (inflammation, fibrosis and nephritis etc)
    • Indirect Effects:
      • Immunological reactions in the host
      • Nutritional deficiencies
      • Hormonal effects
      • Age/gender effects
      • Genetic effects
      • Altered growth patterns in host tissue

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    Related Documents

    MLS 312 2024-2025 Session: Parasitology PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on parasitism and its associated life cycles in MLS 312. This quiz covers the mechanisms of parasite invasion, types of parasites, and ineffective agents. Prepare to explore the fascinating field of parasitology and its implications in medical science.

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