Medical Laboratory Science (MLS 312) Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What defines symbiosis in biological terms?

  • A close relationship with mutual benefits and dependency. (correct)
  • An association that leads to host injury and disease.
  • A temporary association without dependency.
  • A predatory relationship where one benefits at the other's expense.

Which of the following best describes phoresis?

  • A state of imbalance leading to noticeable symptoms.
  • A short-term interaction with no metabolic dependence. (correct)
  • An association that is obligatory for survival.
  • A relationship where one organism injures another.

In the context of predation, what is a predator?

  • An individual that causes injury to its host.
  • A creature that benefits from killing and consuming another. (correct)
  • An organism that shares resources with another.
  • A species that relies on another for survival.

How do parasitosis and parasitiasis differ?

<p>Parasitiasis involves a host capable of repair, while parasitosis does not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly represents the suffix used for parasites that cause disease?

<p>--osis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a relationship that showcases predation?

<p>Cats hunting rats. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the term 'parasitiasis' characterized?

<p>Is a symptomless condition where the host can still function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the host's condition in parasitosis?

<p>The host experiences a state of imbalance with noticeable symptoms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of parasite can lead both a free and parasitic existence?

<p>Temporary parasite (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of parasite completely depends on its host for survival?

<p>Obligate parasite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of parasite is known for establishing itself in a host it does not ordinarily live in?

<p>Incidental parasite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes opportunistic parasites from other types?

<p>They cause disease only in immuno-deficient hosts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which host type harbors the sexually mature stages of a parasite?

<p>Definitive host (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of parasite passes through the alimentary tract without infecting the host?

<p>Coprozoic or spurious parasite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of an amplifier host?

<p>It undergoes multiplication of the parasite. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of parasite does not cause harm to its host?

<p>Non-pathogenic (commensal) parasite (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hyperplasia in the context of tissue response to parasites?

<p>An increase in the rate of cell division (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parasitic condition is associated with hypertrophy?

<p>Enlarged red blood cells during <em>Plasmodium vivax</em> infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the process of metaplasia?

<p>Another type of tissue formation occurs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about neoplasia?

<p>It can lead to tumor formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of damage do hookworms cause when they enter a host?

<p>Immediate tissue destruction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parasite is known to cause hyperplasia in the urinary bladder?

<p><em>Schistosoma haematobium</em> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cercariae of certain Schistosomes can cause what type of damage?

<p>Tissue damage during penetration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential consequences of parasitism affecting host tissues?

<p>Abnormal growth patterns in tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation helps some parasites, such as nematodes, to invade host tissues more effectively?

<p>Well-developed piercing devices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adaptations is commonly found in endoparasites to protect them from the host's digestive enzymes?

<p>Resistant outer covering (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do internal parasites primarily locate the optimal area within their host?

<p>High chemo sensitivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of haustoria in parasitic plants such as cuscuta?

<p>Absorption of nutrients from the host (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do internal parasites typically exhibit reduced sensory organs?

<p>Due to the relatively constant environmental conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enables parasites like hirudinaria to feed on blood without causing clotting?

<p>Anticoagulant production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structural modification is typically absent in endoparasites?

<p>Feeding organs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What morphological characteristic is often observed in internal parasites for better attachment to the host?

<p>Dorsi-ventral flattening (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a reservoir host in the context of parasitism?

<p>A host that harbors a parasite and serves as an infection source. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines superinfection?

<p>Reinfection with the same species of parasite. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do mechanical vectors differ from biological vectors?

<p>Mechanical vectors do not play an essential role in the life cycle of a parasite. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of adaptation allows parasites to survive within their hosts?

<p>Physiological adaptation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of host can be defined as accidental or incidental?

<p>A host that harbors a parasite but not in a typical manner. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is autoinfection?

<p>A situation where an infected individual reinfects themselves. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an organism as a parasite?

<p>An organism that lives on or in another, benefiting at the host's expense. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes a carrier host?

<p>Does not exhibit any clinical signs while spreading the parasite. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does hyperthyroidism in chickens affect the growth of Ascaridia galli?

<p>It increases their length. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do sex hormones play in the development of Toxocara canis?

<p>They are necessary for its development in female dogs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do adults over thirty usually not get infected with human schistosomes?

<p>Their tissues become unsuitable for the parasite. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of immunity on parasites as described?

<p>Antibodies may stunt growth or kill the parasite. (A), Immunity only provides temporary protection against new infections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does host specificity imply for helminths?

<p>Helminths require specific environments for development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does parasite density affect reproductive capacity in helminths?

<p>Increased density reduces reproductive capacity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can primary infection with Leishmania indicate regarding future infections?

<p>It confers a degree of immunity to reinfection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is premonition in relation to parasitic infections?

<p>It is the temporary resistance to reinfection during an active infection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Carrier host

A host that harbors and spreads a parasite but shows no symptoms of infection.

Accidental host

An infection occurring in a host species that is not the usual host for the parasite.

Infection

The presence of internal parasites within a host.

Infestation

The presence of external parasites on a host.

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Superinfection

When an infected individual is reinfected with the same parasite species.

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Autoinfection

When an infected individual reinfects themselves with the same parasite.

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Vector

A living organism that carries a parasite from an infected to a healthy host.

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Biological vector

Vectors that are essential for the life cycle of a parasite, allowing it to complete development.

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Facultative Parasite

A parasite that can live independently, but also relies on a host for survival.

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Obligate Parasite

A parasite that completely depends on a host for survival, and cannot live outside of it.

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Incidental Parasite

A parasite that establishes itself in a host that it doesn't usually infect.

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Occasional or Periodic Parasite

A parasite that seeks out its host intermittently to obtain food.

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Pseudoparasite

An organism or object mistaken for a parasite.

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Coprozoic or Spurious Parasite

A parasite that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host.

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Definitive Host

The host where a parasite reaches sexual maturity and reproduces.

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Intermediate Host

A host that harbors the immature or larval stages of a parasite, where reproduction doesn't occur.

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Mutualism

A close and obligatory relationship where both organisms benefit and depend on each other for survival. They cannot live independently.

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Phoresis

A type of symbiosis where one organism benefits, while the other is neither harmed nor helped. This relationship is temporary.

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Predation

A short-term relationship where one organism (the predator) benefits by consuming another organism (the prey).

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Predator

An organism that hunts and consumes other organisms for food, often smaller or weaker.

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Prey

An organism that is hunted and consumed by a predator.

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Parasitosis

A type of parasitic relationship where the host experiences noticeable symptoms and damage due to the parasite. The parasite causes a disease.

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Parasitiasis

A type of parasitic relationship where the parasite lives within the host but does not cause noticeable symptoms or obvious harm. The host can repair the damage.

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Symbiosis

Symbiosis is a term describing any relationship where two organisms live together. The relationship can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.

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Structural Adaptation in Parasites

The process of a parasite modifying its body structure, organs, or internal functions to better survive and thrive within or on a host.

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Resistant Outer Covering

Modifications to the body's external coverings, such as a tough cuticle, that make it resistant to the host's digestive enzymes.

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Specialized Feeding Organs

Parasites often have a specialized mouth structure that allows them to easily access the blood or fluids of their host. This enables them to feed and survive.

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Reduced Sensory and Nervous Systems

The reduction or absence of sensory or nervous structures in endoparasites. They live in constant environments, so complex senses are not crucial.

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Hydrolyzing Enzymes

The process of a parasite producing enzymes to digest the host's tissues or cells, allowing them to extract nutrients.

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Exoenzymes

These enzymes are released outside the parasite's body and act on the host tissue, breaking down the host's defenses.

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Anticoagulant Production

Certain parasites, like leeches, produce anticoagulants to prevent the host's blood from clotting, ensuring a steady supply of blood.

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Chemo Sensitivity

The process of a parasite evolving to detect and navigate to the ideal location within a host, ensuring access to resources.

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Hormonal Effect on Parasites

The influence of hormones on the growth and maturity of parasites. Some parasites, like Ascaridia galli, grow larger in hosts with hyperthyroidism, while others, like Heterakis gallinae, grow better in hypothyroid hosts. This shows different parasites can react differently to specific hormones.

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Host Age and Parasitism

The age of a host can impact parasite infection. Older individuals might be less susceptible to certain parasites because their tissues are less suitable environments. For example, adult humans often develop resistance to Schistosoma infections.

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Host Immunity and Parasites

The host's immune system can produce antibodies that target parasites, slowing their growth, killing them, or preventing them from attaching to host tissues. Antibodies can also neutralize parasite byproducts. Some infections, like Leishmania, can stimulate some resistance to reinfection in the host.

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Host Specificity

Specific parasites have specific hosts they can infect, due to the complex environmental requirements for their development. Closely related parasites can have very different host preferences.

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Parasite Density and Growth

Parasite density, or the number of parasites of the same species inside a host, can impact their growth and reproduction. High numbers can lead to stunted growth and reduced reproduction, possibly due to competition or other interactions between parasites.

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Tissue Damage by Parasites

Parasites can damage host tissue by directly injuring it upon entry or after successful establishment within the host.

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Hyperplasia

A type of cell growth characterized by an increased rate of cell division, leading to a greater cell count in the affected tissue.

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Hypertrophy

An increase in the size of individual cells within a tissue.

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Metaplasia

The transformation of one type of tissue into another, without involving embryonic cells.

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Neoplasia

The abnormal growth of cells forming a new structure like a tumor, which is not inflammatory, not for repair, and deviates from normal growth patterns.

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Hookworm Tissue Damage

The hookworms Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale cause tissue damage by physically penetrating and injuring the host's tissue.

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Schistosome Cercariae and Swimmers Itch

The cercariae of certain Schistosomes cause 'Swimmer's Itch' by penetrating the skin and causing inflammation and tissue damage.

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Examples of Hyperplasia in Parasitism

Examples of hyperplasia include the rapid proliferation of epithelial cells in bile ducts infected with the trematode Fasciola hepatica and the irritation of the bladder epithelium by the spiny eggs of Schistosoma haematobium.

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Study Notes

Medical Laboratory Science (MLS 312)

  • Course Content:
    • Introduction to parasitism and animal associations
    • Parasitic life cycle adaptation
    • Mechanisms of parasite invasion of hosts
    • Ineffective agents of parasites

Parasitology

  • Definition: The study of organisms that live temporarily or permanently on or within other living things to obtain nourishment.
  • Organisms Included: Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, arthropods, and certain other borderline taxa (including spirochetes), and viruses, although in a restricted sense it is animal parasites.

Parasite

  • Definition: An organism entirely dependent on another organism (the host) for part or all of its life cycle and metabolic needs.
  • Broader Application: The term can apply to any infectious agent, but conventionally refers to protozoan and helminthic infections.
  • Types of Parasites:
    • Microparasites: Small single-celled organisms that multiply within their host, often inside host cells. Examples include protozoa.
    • Macroparasites: Large multicellular organisms that have no direct reproduction within their host. Examples include helminths.

Types of Parasites (Continued):

  • Classification: Parasites can be classified by habitat or location.
  • Ectoparasites: Live on the outside of the host, such as fleas, lice, and ticks. They cannot sustain continuous parasitic existence.
  • Endoparasites: Live inside the host, such as all protozoan and helminthic parasites of humans.

Additional Parasite Types

  • Temporary (facultative): Capable of independent existence in addition to parasitic life.
  • Permanent (obligate): Entirely dependent on the host for survival.
  • Incidental: Lives in a host where it does not normally live.
  • Occasional/Periodic: Seeks its host intermittently for nourishment.
  • Pseudoparasite: A false parasite, something mistaken for a parasite.
  • Coprozoic/Spurious: Passes through the host's digestive system without infecting it.

Host Classification

  • Definitive host: Harbors the adult stage or most highly developed form of the parasite (e.g. man as definitive host of Taenia solium).
  • Intermediate host: Harbors the larval or immature stage of a parasite. Fertilization doesn't occur in this stage (e.g. cow as intermediate host of Taenia saginata).
  • Amplifier host: Intermediate hosts where the parasites multiply.
  • Reservoir host: Wild or domestic animal that harbours a parasite that can infect humans.
  • Carrier host: A host that harbours and disseminates a parasite without showing signs of illness.
  • Accidental/Incidental host: A host that is not the usual host for the parasite but can become infected.

Parasite Adaptations

  • Structural:
    • Absence of feeding organs in endoparasites
    • Specialized mouthparts (e.g., aphids)
    • Piercing devices (e.g., nematodes)
    • Resistant outer coverings
    • Reduced sensory and nervous systems
    • Flattened body shape for attachment (e.g. Ascaris with muscular pharynx)
    • Development of haustoria in parasitic plants for nutrient absorption
  • Physiological:
    • Production of hydrolysing enzymes to digest host tissues
    • Anticoagulants in blood-feeding parasites
    • Chemo-sensitivity for optimal host location
    • Digestive enzymes for penetration
    • Anaerobic respiration
    • Resistance to host toxins or metabolites
    • Escape mechanisms from host immune responses
  • Reproductive:
    • High reproductive rate
    • Toughened reproductive bodies (e.g., cysts)
    • Complex reproductive cycles
    • Use of secondary hosts for survival

Host-Parasite Relationships

  • Parasitism: An intimate relationship where one organism benefits from harming another.
  • Commensalism: An association where one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited.
  • Mutualism: A relationship where both organisms benefit.
  • Symbiosis: An intimate association where both species are mutually dependent or benefit from the relationship.
  • Phoresis: A temporary association in which one organism is carried by another, without metabolic dependence.
  • Predation: An association where one organism feeds on another for nourishment.

Effects of Parasites on Hosts

  • Direct Effects:
    • Mechanical injury via pressure from parasite growth
    • Toxin production
    • Nutrient or fluid depletion
    • Host tissue destruction
    • Host immune system over-activation (inflammation, fibrosis and nephritis etc)
  • Indirect Effects:
    • Immunological reactions in the host
    • Nutritional deficiencies
    • Hormonal effects
    • Age/gender effects
    • Genetic effects
    • Altered growth patterns in host tissue

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MLS 312 2024-2025 Session: Parasitology PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on parasitism and its associated life cycles in MLS 312. This quiz covers the mechanisms of parasite invasion, types of parasites, and ineffective agents. Prepare to explore the fascinating field of parasitology and its implications in medical science.

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