Medical Imaging Techniques Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary benefit of multi slice CT scanners?

  • They are smaller in size than traditional scanners.
  • They produce color images.
  • They allow for rapid collection of projection data. (correct)
  • They require less radiation than single slice scanners.

    • Cone beam CT (CBCT) increases the size of the scanner while decreasing radiation dosage.

    False

    Who was the leader in the development of the first CT scanner introduced in 1971?

    Sir Godfrey Hounsfield

    CT scanners produce ___ dimensional images.

    <p>three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of a CT scanner with their functions:

    <p>X-ray tube = Emits the x-ray beam X-ray detectors = Receives and measures x-ray exposure Gantry rotation = Supports and positions the x-ray components Projection data = Information collected from scanned areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following imaging modalities is NOT commonly used in oncology?

    <p>Microchip Imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    X-rays provide functional information about the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use of contrast agents in imaging?

    <p>To make structures visible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The intensity of the emerging primary beam in X-ray imaging provides information about the interactions that have occurred within the _____ .

    <p>body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the imaging modalities with their description:

    <p>X-ray = Produces 2D images of body structures MRI = Uses magnetic fields to produce images Ultrasound = Uses sound waves for imaging CT = Provides cross-sectional images of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important limitation of X-rays?

    <p>Ability to show features in low contrast tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Digital imaging has largely replaced film-based systems in medical imaging.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the atomic number of tissues affect X-ray imaging?

    <p>It affects the amount of absorption of the X-rays.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Image Guided Radiotherapy (IGRT)?

    <p>To improve or verify the accuracy of radiotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Online treatment verification involves comparisons made after the treatment has been delivered.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What imaging technique allows direct visualization of the radiotherapy target volume?

    <p>Cone Beam CT (CBCT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ compares images taken with reference images at a point after treatment has been delivered.

    <p>offline treatment verification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about DRR's is true?

    <p>DRR's help ensure accurate targeting of the tumor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the imaging technique with its description:

    <p>KV imaging = Uses kilovoltage x-rays for imaging MV imaging = Utilizes megavoltage x-rays for imaging during therapy IGRT = Image guidance aimed to improve treatment accuracy DRR = Reconstructed images from 3D datasets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Further treatment is never required after the initial radiotherapy session.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one purpose of follow-up in radiotherapy?

    <p>To monitor tumor response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of x-ray beam is used in second and third generation CT scanners?

    <p>Fan-shaped x-ray beam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fourth generation CT scanners have detectors that are movable.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of a scan on a first generation CT scanner?

    <p>25-30 mins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MRI uses a strong magnetic field and _____ pulses to produce images.

    <p>radiofrequency (RF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following CT generations with their key characteristics:

    <p>First Generation = Pencil-like x-ray beam, 25-30 mins scan Second Generation = Fan-shaped x-ray beam, less than 90 sec scan Third Generation = Fan-shaped x-ray beam, approximately 5 sec scan Fourth Generation = Fan-shaped x-ray beam, fixed detectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following advantages does MRI have over CT?

    <p>Offers better visualization of soft tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dual energy CT scanning is a feature of first generation CT technology.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does T2 weighted MRI images reveal about cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

    <p>CSF appears very bright</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic that differentiates cancerous cells from healthy tissue?

    <p>Higher glucose consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    PET imaging provides detailed anatomical information about the tissues.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What imaging technique has become the standard for localization in radiotherapy?

    <p>CT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    PET is often fused with ______ to enhance anatomical detail.

    <p>CT or MRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the imaging techniques with their primary uses:

    <p>X-rays = Basic imaging for fractures MRI = Detailed soft tissue imaging Ultrasound = Real-time imaging of soft tissues Fluoroscopy = Dynamic imaging of moving structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following modalities is known for its ability to reveal distant metastases?

    <p>PET</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Volumetric data from CT scans are solely 2D images.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of data is generated for physics planning in radiotherapy?

    <p>Digitally Reconstructed Radiographs (DRRs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major advantage of using MRI for imaging?

    <p>It provides excellent soft tissue delineation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients with non-ferromagnetic metal implants can be scanned using MRI.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one disadvantage of ultrasound imaging.

    <p>It can be subjective or difficult to interpret.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    PET imaging utilizes _____ that are administered to patients to gather information about physiological function.

    <p>radioactive isotopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the imaging technique with its main characteristic:

    <p>MRI = Excellent imaging for soft tissues Ultrasound = Uses high-frequency sound waves Radionuclide Imaging = Focuses on physiological functions PET = Uses radioactive glucose markers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical frequency range used in ultrasound imaging?

    <p>1 to 20 MHz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Contrast-enhanced MRI is ineffective for diagnosis and staging.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common radiopharmaceutical used in PET scans?

    <p>18FDG (fluorodeoxyglucose)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MRI images can be fused with _____ data for better treatment planning.

    <p>CT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the advantages of radionuclide imaging?

    <p>It visualizes the physiological function of organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Imaging Principles/Imaging in Oncology

    • The lecture aims to explain the principles of different imaging techniques and their role in the oncology patient pathway.
    • The session will cover the understanding of the principles of different imaging techniques and the role of imaging in the oncology patient pathway.

    Types of Imaging

    • Different imaging modalities are used in oncology, such as X-rays, Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Ultrasound, and Radionuclide Imaging.
    • The images have specific applications, including X-rays used to demonstrate spatial relationships within the body, while CT scans produce 3-dimensional cross-sectional images in standard anatomical planes.
    • Images from various imaging modalities can be combined (fused) for comprehensive analysis.

    X-rays

    • X-rays are created in an X-ray tube.
    • The X-ray beam travels in straight lines and interacts with body tissue, where they are either absorbed or scattered.
    • The intensity of the emerging beam contains information on tissue interactions.
    • This beam is detected by an image intensifier to produce an X-ray image.
    • The amount of absorption depends on the atomic number of the tissues and the energy of the X-rays.
    • Contrast agents like iodine or barium enhance visual clarity by having different absorption characteristics than surrounding tissue.
    • X-rays have limitations, including difficulty visualizing low contrast tissues and only providing a 2D image.

    Computerised Tomography (CT)

    • CT uses X-rays to produce 3-dimensional images .
    • The images are cross-sectional in the 3 standard anatomical planes.
    • CT scanners can be categorized into different generations based on detectors and methodologies.
    • There are multi-slice CT scanners and cone beam CT.
    • CT scans have different image configurations to meet various imaging needs.

    Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

    • MRI uses a strong magnetic field and radiofrequency pulses to create images of hydrogen distribution in the body.
    • It provides visualization of the body in slices, similar to CT.
    • MRI utilizes hydrogen atom properties and produces T1 or T2 weighted images for different tissue contrasts.
    • T1 weighted images show fat and white matter brighter than CSF. CSF shows brighter on T2 weighted images.
    • MRI has advantages like non-ionizing radiation and exceptional soft tissue visualization .
    • MRI has a disadvantage where patients with metallic implants cannot be scanned.

    Ultrasound

    • Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the internal body structures.
    • The frequency range of the waves is beyond human hearing.
    • Ultrasound can differentiate various tissues, like solid masses and fluid-filled cysts.
    • It's used in various applications, including breast cancer assessment, uterus, ovary, prostate, kidney scans.
    • Ultrasound is often used in combination with fine-needle biopsy.
    • Ultrasound image advantages are being relatively cheap, safe, and demonstrating real-time images.
    • Ultrasound image disadvantages are being subjective and difficult to interpret.

    Radionuclide Imaging

    • Radionuclide imaging primarily focuses on the physiological function of organs and tissues.
    • It utilizes unsealed radiopharmaceuticals and isotopes to investigate and treat diseases.
    • Radiopharmaceuticals are coupled with a radionuclide, which spontaneously decays and emits energy.
    • This emission is detected to create an image.
    • Radiolabeled compounds are detected using a gamma camera that creates an image of the compound distribution and function.

    Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

    • PET is focused on physiological function and uses positron emission from radioactive isotopes injected into the patient.
    • Radioactive markers are attached to glucose typically (e.g. 18FDG) to target cells that metabolize glucose rapidly.
    • PET itself lacks anatomical detail, usually paired with CT or MRI to provide full assessment.

    CT and MRI Fusion

    • This method integrates data of both CT and MRI to offer a more comprehensive visualization of the body.

    Role of Imaging in Oncology

    • Imaging plays a crucial role in the patient pathway, from diagnosis and staging to treatment planning and follow-up.
    • The patient's pathway includes diagnosis, CT planning, treatment planning, treatment verification, treatment delivery, and follow-up steps.

    Radiotherapy Localisation

    • Localisation in radiotherapy aims to accurately target the tumour and avoid sensitive structures.

    • Imaging methods, such as CT planning scans and virtual simulations, are necessary to create treatment plans.

    • Other imaging data can be integrated with CT data for complete assessment.

    • Methods for verification include comparing images to reference images, digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRR), portal imaging (MV), and kV imaging.

    • Online and Offline imaging are used to verify imaging, including image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT), and cone-beam CT (CBCT).

    Follow-up

    • Follow-up is essential to monitor tumour response and the outcome of treatment.
    • Monitoring for signs of disease recurrence, spread, or treatment effectiveness is vital.
    • Assessments are carried out to determine if the treatment was successful.
    • Follow up considers treatment curative status, disease extent, if further treatment is required, and possible metastatic disease symptoms.

    Further Reading

    • NICE Pathways is an interactive toolkit for health professionals that provides access to NICE guidance and other resources.
    • There are available on target documents for Radiotherapy.

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    Imaging Principles/Imaging in Oncology Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on various medical imaging techniques, including CT scanners, X-rays, and their applications in oncology. This quiz covers historical developments, technical components, and practical limitations of these imaging modalities.

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