Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which directional term refers to a position closer to the midline?
Which directional term refers to a position closer to the midline?
What does the transverse plane divide the body into?
What does the transverse plane divide the body into?
What term is used to describe an internal organ?
What term is used to describe an internal organ?
Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?
Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?
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Which term refers to a position on the same side of the body?
Which term refers to a position on the same side of the body?
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How many midsagittal planes can divide the human body?
How many midsagittal planes can divide the human body?
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Which medical imaging technique produces a 2D image of interior structures using X-rays?
Which medical imaging technique produces a 2D image of interior structures using X-rays?
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Which technique uses a powerful magnetic field to differentiate between different tissues?
Which technique uses a powerful magnetic field to differentiate between different tissues?
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What is the primary use of Ultrasound in medical imaging?
What is the primary use of Ultrasound in medical imaging?
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Which type of endoscopy is used to examine the interior of a joint?
Which type of endoscopy is used to examine the interior of a joint?
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Which radiographic image is used to show the human heart and any blockage in the coronary artery?
Which radiographic image is used to show the human heart and any blockage in the coronary artery?
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What does the cellular level of organization in the human body include?
What does the cellular level of organization in the human body include?
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Which technique is mainly used to detect lung and kidney cancers?
Which technique is mainly used to detect lung and kidney cancers?
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Which of the following is NOT part of the organ level in the human body?
Which of the following is NOT part of the organ level in the human body?
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Which radiographic image shows the female breast and any cancerous tumors?
Which radiographic image shows the female breast and any cancerous tumors?
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Which component in the homeostasis control system is responsible for detecting changes in the environment?
Which component in the homeostasis control system is responsible for detecting changes in the environment?
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Which technique uses a lighted instrument with a lens to project an image onto a monitor?
Which technique uses a lighted instrument with a lens to project an image onto a monitor?
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In a negative feedback loop, what is the primary function of the effector?
In a negative feedback loop, what is the primary function of the effector?
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Which event is an example of a positive feedback mechanism in the human body?
Which event is an example of a positive feedback mechanism in the human body?
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What anatomical term describes a position closer to the midline of the body?
What anatomical term describes a position closer to the midline of the body?
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Which of the following best describes an intermediate position in anatomical terms?
Which of the following best describes an intermediate position in anatomical terms?
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How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?
How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?
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During the regulation of blood pressure, what role does the control center play?
During the regulation of blood pressure, what role does the control center play?
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Which structure is lateral to the spinal cord?
Which structure is lateral to the spinal cord?
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Study Notes
Medical Imaging
- Medical imaging is a technique used to create images of the human body to help visualize structures and diagnose illnesses.
Techniques of Medical Imaging
- Radiography (X-rays): produces a 2D image of interior structures, inexpensive and quick, used to examine hollow structures, bones, and soft tissues.
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): uses a powerful magnetic field to differentiate between different tissues, including tumors, brain abnormalities, and blood flow.
- Computed Tomography (CT): uses a computer to assemble x-rays into a 3D image, used to visualize soft tissues in more complex detail, and detect lung and kidney cancers.
- Ultrasound: uses high-frequency sound waves, noninvasive and painless, used to monitor fetal development.
- Endoscopy: uses a lighted instrument with a lens to project an image onto a monitor.
- Colonoscopy: examines the interior of the colon.
- Laparoscopy: examines the organs within the abdominal cavity.
- Arthroscopy: examines the interior of a joint.
Types of Radiographic Images
- Angiogram: shows the human heart and any blockage in the coronary artery.
- Mammogram: shows the female breast and any cancerous tumors.
- Bone Densitometry: shows the lumbar spine.
- Barium Contrast x-ray: shows the ascending colon and any cancerous tumors.
- Intravenous Urogram: shows the right kidney and any kidney stones.
Directional Terms
- Proximal: position further from a point.
- Distal: closer to the midline.
- Ipsilateral: same side of the body.
- Contralateral: opposite side of the body.
- Superficial: closer to the surface of the body.
- Deep: further from the surface of the body.
- Anterior (ventral): toward or at the front of the body.
- Posterior (dorsal): toward or at the back of the body.
- Medial: closer to the midline of the body.
- Lateral: farther from the midline of the body.
- Intermediate: between two structures.
Planes and Sections
- Body Planes: imaginary flat surfaces that separate the body or body part into portions.
- Sagittal (Midline): divides the body into right and left sides.
- Transverse (Horizontal): divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
- Frontal (Coronal): divides the body (or an organ) into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
Examples of Planes
- Midsagittal Section: a midsagittal section of the human brain.
- Frontal (Coronal) Section: a frontal or coronal brain section.
- Transverse (Horizontal) Section: a transverse or horizontal brain section.
Anatomy Terminology
Levels of Organisation in the Human Body
- Chemical Level: atoms (C, H, O, N, P) and molecules (DNA).
- Cellular Level: smooth muscle cell.
- Tissue Level: smooth muscle tissue.
- Organ Level: salivary glands, pharynx (throat), mouth, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, epithelial and connective tissues, smooth muscle tissue layers.
- System Level: digestive system.
- Organismal Level.
Homeostasis
Cycle of Events
- The body is constantly monitored and re-monitored.
- Each monitored variable is called a controlled condition.
Three Basic Components
- Receptor: sensitive to changes in the environment.
- Control Center: receives input from the receptor and provides output.
- Effector: brings about a change to the controlled condition.
Feedback Principles
- Negative Feedback: a stimulus disrupts homeostasis by increasing or decreasing a controlled condition.
- Positive Feedback: a stimulus disrupts homeostasis by increasing or decreasing a controlled condition.
Control of Homeostasis
-
Example 1: Blood Pressure:
- Stimulus: increasing blood pressure.
- Receptor: baroreceptors in certain blood vessels send nerve impulses to the brain.
- Control Center: the brain interprets input and sends nerve impulses to the heart.
- Effector: the heart decreases its heart rate, decreasing blood pressure.
- Response: blood pressure decreases back to normal.
-
Example 2: Childbirth:
- Stimulus: increasing stretching of the cervix.
- Receptor: stretch-sensitive nerve cells in the cervix send nerve impulses to the brain.
- Control Center: the brain interprets input and sends oxytocin through the bloodstream.
- Effector: muscles in the wall of the uterus contract more forcefully, pushing the baby's body against the cervix.
- Response: the cervix stretches more, further stimulating oxytocin release and causing increasingly strong contractions, leading to birth.
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Description
Test your knowledge of medical imaging techniques such as radiography and MRI, used to visualize body structures and diagnose illnesses.
