respiratory diseases

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is one of the top three infectious diseases causing death in the world?

Cholera

Hepatitis

Influenza

Malaria (correct)

What is the primary way that lung infections like tuberculosis and pneumonia are spread?

By touching infected surfaces

Through contaminated food and water

Through droplets from coughing, sneezing, or spitting (correct)

Via insect bites

What is the primary reason that asthma causes difficulty breathing?

The lungs produce too much mucus

The bronchioles constrict and narrow

The airways become inflamed and swollen (correct)

The diaphragm muscle becomes weak

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

To allow gas exchange Signup and view all the answers

What is the main bacterium that causes tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical incidence of tuberculosis in Australia?

Approximately 1,000 cases per year Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a potential trigger for an asthma flare-up?

Dehydration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk factor for lung cancer?

Tobacco smoking Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the initial stage of lung cancer development?

Excessive production of mucus in the air passages Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk of contracting lung cancer for people who have worked with asbestos and also smoke, compared to similar workers who do not smoke?

20-90 times greater Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of 'smoker's cough' according to the text?

Excessive production of mucus in the air passages Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances are mentioned in the text as potentially initiating or promoting lung cancer?

Tobacco smoke, containing both initiators and promoters Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common form of lung cancer?

Cancer that begins in the walls of the air passages, usually the bronchi Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between lung cancer and pneumonia, according to the text?

Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs caused by various organisms, separate from lung cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of emphysema?

Long-term exposure to irritating particles in the air Signup and view all the answers

Which group of individuals is at a higher risk of developing emphysema?

Smokers and individuals working in dusty environments Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of emphysema on the alveoli?

Loss of elasticity and potential breakdown of alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary respiratory challenge faced by individuals with emphysema?

Difficulty in exhaling air due to loss of lung elasticity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about emphysema is true?

Once lung damage occurs, the progression of emphysema cannot be stopped Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the reduced internal surface area of the lungs in emphysema patients?

Breakdown and loss of alveoli due to damage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following environments is associated with a higher risk of developing emphysema?

Cities with continually high air pollution Signup and view all the answers

What process results in the breakdown of alveoli and a reduction in the surface area for gas exchange?

Emphysema Signup and view all the answers

During an asthma attack, what happens to the muscles surrounding the bronchioles?

They constrict, narrowing the air passages Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a common cause of lung cancer in the text?

Genetic factors Signup and view all the answers

Why does a patient with pneumonia feel very tired?

Due to the impaired gas exchange in the lungs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor mentioned in the text that can affect the respiratory system and cause disorders?

Diet Signup and view all the answers

During an asthma attack, what happens to the lining of the air passages?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of the impaired gas exchange during an asthma attack?

The narrowing of the air passages Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the alveoli in the lungs?

To provide surface area for gas exchange Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about emphysema is NOT true?

It increases the surface area for gas exchange Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Infectious Diseases

Top three infectious diseases causing death globally include tuberculosis and pneumonia.
Lung infections like tuberculosis and pneumonia primarily spread through airborne droplets.

Respiratory Function

The respiratory system's main function is to facilitate gas exchange: oxygen intake and carbon dioxide expulsion.

Asthma and Lung Cancer

Difficulty breathing in asthma is primarily due to inflammation and constriction of airways.
The primary risk factor for lung cancer is smoking.
Initial stage of lung cancer development is characterized by cellular mutations often due to carcinogens.
Smokers with asbestos exposure have a significantly higher risk of developing lung cancer compared to non-smokers in similar occupations.

Tuberculosis

Main bacterium causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis incidence in Australia is relatively low, typically below 1 in 100,000 people.

Cancer Triggers

Potential triggers for asthma flare-ups include allergens, smoke, and exercise, while not all substances listed are triggers.
Initiators or promoters of lung cancer include tobacco smoke, asbestos, and certain environmental pollutants.
The most common form of lung cancer is non-small cell lung cancer.

Emphysema

Primary cause of emphysema is long-term exposure to irritants, mainly tobacco smoke.
Individuals who smoke and have been exposed to pollutants are at higher risk of developing emphysema.
Emphysema leads to damage of alveoli, primarily affecting their ability to expand and contract properly.

Effects of Emphysema

Primary respiratory challenge in emphysema patients is shortness of breath due to reduced surface area for gas exchange.
Reduced surface area in emphysema is caused by the breakdown of alveolar walls due to inflammation and irritation.
Environments with high pollution levels increase the risk of developing emphysema.

Asthma Attacks

During an asthma attack, the muscles surrounding the bronchioles contract, leading to narrowed airways.
Lining of air passages thickens and becomes inflamed during an asthma attack, impeding airflow.
Impaired gas exchange during an asthma attack occurs due to bronchiolar constriction and reduced airflow.

Other Medical Conditions

Patients with pneumonia experience severe fatigue due to the body's response to infection and the energy expended in fighting it.
Not all environmental factors mentioned are recognized contributors to respiratory disorders.

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Description

Explore the characteristics and risk factors associated with lung cancer, including the role of medical imaging in diagnosis. Learn about the link between lung cancer and factors like asbestos exposure and tobacco smoking.