Medical Imaging and CBC Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is a potential genetic cause of leukemia?

Exposure to sunlight

Excessive alcohol consumption

Viral infections

Oncogene mutations (correct)

Which of the following is NOT listed as a method of treatment for leukemia?

Acupuncture (correct)

Topical chemotherapy

Surgery

Immunotherapy

Which factor is linked to increased risk of leukemia due to environmental exposure?

Dietary supplements

Physical exercise

Ionizing radiation (correct)

High altitude living

What common site is mentioned for harvesting skin grafts in leukemia treatment?

Thighs and buttocks Signup and view all the answers

Which chromosomal issue is related to leukemia?

Chromosomal abnormalities Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk factor associated with pancreatic cancer?

Cigarette smoking Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with cervical cancer?

Drowsiness Signup and view all the answers

What pancreatic enzyme is primarily responsible for the digestion of fats?

Lipase Signup and view all the answers

What does the treatment plan for early-stage cervical cancer often include?

Hysterectomy Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic procedure is utilized to determine cervical dysplasia?

Papsmear Signup and view all the answers

What type of shock is a complication associated with pancreatic surgery?

Hypovolemic shock Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic sign of hyperglycemia due to pancreatic issues?

Poor progression Signup and view all the answers

Which factors are considered etiological agents for lung cancer?

Cigarette smoking and cement dust Signup and view all the answers

Which risk factor is associated with cervical cancer specifically in relation to sexual behavior?

Sexual promiscuity Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the pathophysiology of lung cancer development?

1st exposure initiation Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication associated with advanced lung cancer that affects men?

Impotence Signup and view all the answers

Which method is indicated for treating testicular cancer related to lung cancer?

Testicular removal (orchiectomy) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about herbal treatment for certain conditions is accurate?

Saw palmetto berry may address gynecomastia Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom indicating late-stage lung cancer?

Hemoptysis Signup and view all the answers

What approach is recommended for pain management according to the WHO Ladder of Pain?

Non-opioid (non-narcotic) medications Signup and view all the answers

Why are late diagnoses of lung cancer often associated with poor outcomes?

Symptoms are often misleading and non-specific Signup and view all the answers

What are the signs indicating a need for an X-ray in a patient experiencing pain?

Presence of a tumor Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct action regarding jewelry before performing an MRI?

Jewelry should be removed to prevent burns. Signup and view all the answers

What does a WBC count of less than 5 mm³ indicate in a clinical setting?

Leukopenia, indicating a risk for clotting Signup and view all the answers

What imaging technique requires the patient to remain supine and still?

MRI Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by a platelet count below 150,000?

Thrombocytopenia Signup and view all the answers

During a CT scan, which of the following practices is essential for patient safety?

Using a contrast medium only if necessary Signup and view all the answers

What can be a result of having RBCs greater than 5 million?

Signs of dehydration or hemoconcentration Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is associated with a hemoglobin level lower than normal?

Shortness of breath and fatigue Signup and view all the answers

Which lifestyle factor is most strongly associated with the risk of laryngeal cancer?

Cigarette smoking Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom associated with laryngeal cancer?

Hoarse, harsh voice Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the nursing considerations before a laryngectomy?

Preparing a communication mode Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT typically associated with hypertension?

Dryness of the throat Signup and view all the answers

What is an effective nursing intervention after a laryngectomy?

Providing emergency resuscitation equipment Signup and view all the answers

In the context of breast cancer, which factor is associated with increased risk due to hormonal influences?

Older age Signup and view all the answers

Which sign is often indicative of breast cancer?

Nipple discharge Signup and view all the answers

What diagnostic tool is commonly used to identify breast cancer?

Mammogram Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment option is associated with hormonal therapy for breast cancer?

Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) Signup and view all the answers

What nutritional support should be monitored in the post-operative care for laryngeal cancer?

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

X-Ray

Obstruction can lead to ischemia and pain.
Pregnancy is generally safe for X-rays after 20 weeks.
Jewelry should be removed before an X-ray.

CT Scan

Non-invasive imaging technique.
Jewelry should be removed before the scan.
Patients should lie still on a flat supine position with a small pillow under their head.

MRI

Magnetic field used for imaging.
Metal implants may be a contraindication.
Informed consent is required, especially for patients with metal implants or large tattoos.
Claustrophobia should be assessed and managed with conscious sedation or minor tranquilizers if needed.
Headphones may be used to minimize the "drum-like" noise.
Potential complications include impotence and incontinence.

CBC (Complete Blood Count)

RBC (Red Blood Cells):
- Normal range: 4-5 million
- Polycythemia: RBC count > 5 million, indicating hemoconcentration.
- Anemia: RBC count < 4 million, causing symptoms like shortness of breath, fatigue, and pallor.
WBC (White Blood Cells):
- Normal range: 5-10 mm3
- Leukopenia: WBC count < 5, increasing risk of clotting (CVA) or infection.
- Leukocytosis: WBC count > 10, indicating infection or inflammation.
Platelets:
- Normal range: 150,000 - 400,000
- Thrombocytopenia: Platelet count < 150,000, increasing bleeding tendencies.

Lung Cancer

Bronchogenic carcinoma is a malignant tumor that can develop in the lungs.
Etiology (Causes):
- Asbestos, air pollutants, bacteria (PTB), cigarette smoking, coke mining, cement dust
Pathophysiology:
- ABC (oncogenes): Abnormal genes that contribute to cancer development.
- Carcinogens: Substances that induce cancer.
- Initiation: First exposure to a carcinogen.
- Promotion: Constant exposure to a carcinogen.
- Somatic mutation (DNA): Changes in DNA that contribute to cancer development.
- Cell alteration: Changes in cell structure and function.
- Tumor growth (Progression): Increase in tumor size.
- Infiltration: Tumor invades surrounding tissue.
- Bronchogenic carcinoma: Malignant growth in the lungs.
Symptoms:
- Nagging cough, dry cough, dyspnea (difficulty breathing), shortness of breath (SOB), dullness on percussion, decreased breath sounds, hemoptysis (coughing up blood).
Diagnosis:
- X-ray, CT scan, biopsy.
Prognosis: Poor; most patients die within 3 years of diagnosis.

Laryngeal Cancer

Risk factors: Older men, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, laryngitis (with pus).
Signs and symptoms: Hoarse voice, harsh voice, low voice, dry throat, decreased sense of smell.
Diagnosis: Laryngoscopy.
Surgery: Laryngectomy.

Nursing Considerations for Laryngeal Cancer:

Before surgery:
- Discuss communication methods with the patient (writing, gestures, etc.).
- Use a humidifier.
After surgery:
- Ensure an emergency resuscitation kit is at the bedside.
- Provide nutritional support (IV hyperalimentation) with:
  - Glucose (70%) - monitor blood sugar levels to avoid hyperglycemia.
  - Insulin - monitor blood sugar levels to avoid hypoglycemia.
  - Lipids, amino acids, fluids, heparin.
- Utilize an amplifier to augment the patient's voice (monotone voice).
- Provide esophageal speech therapy to develop an alternative voice (dysarthria).

Pancreatic Cancer

Risk factors: Alcohol, smoking, high red meat and saturated fat diet, stress, pancreatitis, sex (male), hereditary factors.
Signs and symptoms:
- Exocrine (digestion of macromolecules):
  - Lipase, amylase, trypsin: Deficiencies leading to indigestion, mid-epigastric pain, and VANDA (vomiting, abdominal pain, nausea, distention, anorexia).
- Endocrine (hormonal):
  - Alpha cells (glucagon), beta cells (insulin): Imbalances causing hyperglycemia, leading to poor progress and late diagnosis.
Diagnosis: ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) with contrast medium (assess for iodine allergy).
Treatment:
- Chemotherapy: Gemzar (antineoplastic agent)
- Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple's procedure): Invasive surgery with potential complication of hypovolemic shock (hypoxia, tachycardia, decreased blood pressure, decreased heart rate, decreased respirations).

Leukemia

Etiology:
- Genetic/Hereditary: Oncogenes (abnormal genes), excessive cytoxin (a toxin that affects cells), neoplasms from other organs.
- Exposure to Petrochemicals: Gasoline, benzene, jet fuel.
- T-lymphoma virus, ionizing radiation, chromosomal abnormality, carcinogens (oncogenes), somatic mutation (DNA) leading to altered cells.
Signs and symptoms: White blood cells flood the vascular bed.
Treatment: Chemotherapy, External radiation, Immunotherapy, Surgery (skin resection and grafting)

Breast Cancer

Risk factors: Advancing maternal age, family history of breast cancer, cigarette smoking, diet high in fat (due to estrogen), early menarche, late menopause, first child after age 30, Gravida 0.
Signs and symptoms:
- Bleeding, ulceration, nipple discharge, nipple retraction, fungal infection, asymmetry, skin dumpling or orange-peel appearance, lump in breast or elsewhere.

Cervical Cancer

Risk factors: Advancing maternal age, sexually promiscuous behavior, smoking, sexually transmitted diseases (STD) (Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Herpes warts), early age of sexual intercourse.
Signs and symptoms:
- Unusual bleeding or discharge:
  - Post-coital bleeding, painful intercourse, irregular menstrual cycles, abnormal discharge (white with douching), menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding), metrorrhagia (bleeding between periods).
Diagnosis:
- Pap smear (detects cervical dysplasia), Colonoscopy (visualization for biopsy), cold cone biopsy.
Staging:
- 0 (in situ), 1 (entire cervix), 2 (upper 2/3), 3 (lower 1/3), 4 (rectum or bladder involvement).
Treatment:
- Surgery: Hysterectomy, Topical chemotherapy, External radiation.

Pain Management

WHO Ladder of Pain:
- 1-3 (mild pain): Non-opioid medications (non-narcotic), adjuvant therapy (steroids, radiation, chemotherapy), tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) (Tofranil), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) (Naproxen, Salsalate, Advil, Ibuprofen, Diclofenac).
Hypertension, increased heart rate, headache, hyperglycemia.
Nursing Diagnosis:
- RFI (Risk for Injury):
  - Antihypertensive medication (Phentolamine), well-balanced diet, quiet moments, dim light, adrenalectomy.

Herbal Remedies

Possible treatments for cancer:
- Saw palmetto berry (gynecomastia) for prostate cancer, stilphostrol (estrogen replacement therapy) for prostate cancer, orchiectomy, ABarelix (anti-cancer drug).

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in medical imaging techniques such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs, as well as essential information about Complete Blood Counts (CBC). Learn about the precautions, procedures, and normal ranges related to these topics. Perfect for medical students and healthcare professionals!