Gas Analysis

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Questions and Answers

Which law is used to determine the mixture of gases in gas analysis?

Boyle's Law

Dalton’s Law of partial pressures (correct)

Graham's Law

Charles's Law

What are the components of a Galvanic (fuel cell) sensor used in oxygen analysis?

Oxygen passes through a semipermeable membrane and dissolves into an electrolyte solution at the cathode (correct)

Oxygen is measured using paramagnetic properties

Oxygen reacts with a catalyst to produce an electrical current

Oxygen undergoes fluorescence-quenching to produce a measurable signal

How does electromagnetic radiation interact with matter in gas analysis?

Via Polarization, Dispersion, Diffusion or Emission

Via Ionization, Excitation, Scattering or Absorption

Via Reflection, Refraction, Diffraction or Absorption (correct)

Via Emission, Absorption, Scattering or Transmission

What is measured to perform gas analysis?

The interaction between electromagnetic radiation and gases Signup and view all the answers

How do Galvanic sensors measure oxygen levels?

Through oxidative-reductive reactions Signup and view all the answers

What principle is utilized by Clark electrodes to measure oxygen levels?

Polarizing voltage Signup and view all the answers

How do Paramagnetic analyzers measure oxygen concentration?

By utilizing the paramagnetic nature of oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is used to analyze oxygen concentration in Fluorescence quenching?

Determination of emitted photons Signup and view all the answers

How do Colorimetric sensors detect carbon dioxide?

Utilizing the principle of fluorescence quenching and changes in pH-sensitive dyes Signup and view all the answers

How do Severinghaus PCO2 electrodes measure CO2 concentration?

Through the diffusion of CO2 into a bicarbonate solution Signup and view all the answers

What does Mass spectrometry provide in gas analysis?

Volume percent of the sample gas mixture Signup and view all the answers

What does Infrared analysis measure in gas samples?

Fraction of radiation absorbed by a gas sample to determine partial pressure of individual gases Signup and view all the answers

What is the limitation of Raman scattering analysis?

Requiring frequent calibration and higher volumes of sampling gas Signup and view all the answers

What are the advantages of infrared analysis in gas analysis?

Accurate real-time multiple gas analysis Signup and view all the answers

What is used to measure organic and inorganic gases based on absorption of electromagnetic waves?

Beer-Lambert Law Signup and view all the answers

What does Henry’s Law state about gas dissolving into a liquid layer surrounding a crystal?

The resonant frequency of the crystal is altered in proportion to the liquid saturation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of Capnography?

To measure CO2 pressures over time Signup and view all the answers

What is Standard 6 of the anesthesia equipment standard?

Adhere to manufacturer’s operating instructions and complete a daily equipment check Signup and view all the answers

How is EtCO2 used to infer PaCO2?

$EtCO2$ underestimates $PaCO2$ by 25mmHg due to presence of dead space Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of waveform analysis corresponds to alveolar $pCO2$?

$Phase III$ Signup and view all the answers

What does an elevated baseline in EtCO2 waveform analysis indicate?

$Incompetent expiratory valve or exhausted CO2 absorbent$ Signup and view all the answers

What does prolonged expiratory upstroke in EtCO2 waveform analysis suggest?

Asthma, Bronchospasm, COPD, partially obstructed ETT/circuit Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of gas sampling using a mainstream sensor?

Close measurement of CO2 levels in the circuit near the endotracheal tube (ETT) Signup and view all the answers

What factors can increase the arterial-alveolar gradient?

Decreased cardiac output, decreased perfusion of lung apices, smoking, COPD, advanced age, pulmonary embolism Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Gas Analysis Techniques in Medical Devices

Galvanic sensors measure oxygen levels through oxidative-reductive reactions, with limited shelf life due to continual consumption
Clark electrodes use a polarizing voltage to measure oxygen levels, with current flowing in proportion to the partial pressure of oxygen
Paramagnetic analyzers utilize the paramagnetic nature of oxygen to measure its concentration accurately and rapidly
Fluorescence quenching is used to analyze oxygen concentration by determining the amount of emitted photons
Colorimetric sensors detect carbon dioxide by utilizing the principle of fluorescence quenching and changes in pH-sensitive dyes
Severinghaus PCO2 electrodes measure CO2 concentration through the diffusion of CO2 into a bicarbonate solution
Beer-Lambert Law is used to measure organic and inorganic gases based on the absorption of electromagnetic waves
Mass spectrometry separates all gases in a mass-to-charge ratio and provides volume percent of the sample gas mixture
Infrared analysis measures the fraction of radiation absorbed by a gas sample to determine the partial pressure of individual gases
Raman scattering analysis uses laser interaction with gas molecules to observe alterations to wavelength frequency
Advantages of infrared analysis include accurate real-time multiple gas analysis, while disadvantages include interference by water vapor
Ramen spectroscopy has limitations in measuring monatomic gases and requires frequent calibration and higher volumes of sampling gas

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Description

Test your knowledge about various gas analysis techniques used in medical devices, including sensors, electrodes, and analytical methods for measuring oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other gases.