Medical Emergency Response

Medical Emergencies

Cardiovascular Emergencies

• Cardiac Arrest: No breathing, no pulse, and loss of consciousness. Causes: cardiac disease, electrocution, drowning, and drug overdose.
• Symptoms: No breathing, no pulse, and loss of consciousness.
• Treatment: Call 911, start CPR (30:2 ratio), and use an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) if available.

Respiratory Emergencies

• Asthma Attack: Constriction of airways, swollen airways, and spasm of airway muscles.
• Symptoms: Wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness.
• Treatment: Administer bronchodilators, provide oxygen, and transport to hospital.

Neurological Emergencies

• Stroke: Sudden loss of brain function due to lack of blood flow.
• Symptoms: Sudden weakness, numbness, confusion, and difficulty speaking.
• Treatment: Call 911, provide oxygen, and transport to hospital.

Anaphylaxis

• Definition: Severe allergic reaction causing life-threatening symptoms.
• Symptoms: Difficulty breathing, rapid heartbeat, and a drop in blood pressure.
• Treatment: Administer epinephrine, provide oxygen, and transport to hospital.

Other Medical Emergencies

• Diabetic Emergencies: Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).
  • Hypoglycemia Symptoms: Dizziness, confusion, and rapid heartbeat.
  • Hyperglycemia Symptoms: Increased thirst, urination, and blurred vision.
• Seizures: Sudden, uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain.
  • Symptoms: Loss of consciousness, convulsions, and confusion.

Medical Emergencies

Cardiovascular Emergencies

• Cardiac Arrest: A life-threatening condition characterized by no breathing, no pulse, and loss of consciousness, caused by cardiac disease, electrocution, drowning, or drug overdose.
• Cardiac Arrest Treatment: Call 911, initiate CPR with a 30:2 ratio, and use an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) if available.

Respiratory Emergencies

• Asthma Attack: A medical emergency marked by constriction of airways, swollen airways, and spasm of airway muscles.
• Asthma Attack Symptoms: Wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness.
• Asthma Attack Treatment: Administer bronchodilators, provide oxygen, and transport to hospital.

Neurological Emergencies

• Stroke: A sudden loss of brain function due to a lack of blood flow, causing sudden weakness, numbness, confusion, and difficulty speaking.
• Stroke Treatment: Call 911, provide oxygen, and transport to hospital.

Anaphylaxis

• Anaphylaxis Definition: A severe, life-threatening allergic reaction.
• Anaphylaxis Symptoms: Difficulty breathing, rapid heartbeat, and a drop in blood pressure.
• Anaphylaxis Treatment: Administer epinephrine, provide oxygen, and transport to hospital.

Other Medical Emergencies

• Diabetic Emergencies: Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).
• Hypoglycemia Symptoms: Dizziness, confusion, and rapid heartbeat.
• Hyperglycemia Symptoms: Increased thirst, urination, and blurred vision.
• Seizures: A medical emergency characterized by sudden, uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain.
• Seizure Symptoms: Loss of consciousness, convulsions, and confusion.

Importance of Financial Statement Analysis

• Financial statement analysis is crucial for evaluating a company's financial performance and position
• It helps stakeholders, including investors, creditors, and analysts, make informed decisions
• Enables comparison between companies and industries, facilitating benchmarking and performance evaluation

Types of Financial Statement Analysis

• Horizontal Analysis: compares line items over time to identify trends and changes
• Vertical Analysis: expresses each item as a percentage of a base item, such as sales
• Ratio Analysis: calculates financial ratios to assess performance and position

Financial Ratios

Liquidity Ratios

• Current Ratio: calculates a company's ability to pay short-term debts, calculated as current assets / current liabilities
• Quick Ratio: measures a company's ability to pay short-term debts with liquid assets, calculated as (current assets - inventory) / current liabilities

Profitability Ratios

• Gross Margin Ratio: measures profit margin, calculated as (revenue - cost of goods sold) / revenue
• Return on Equity (ROE): measures profitability from shareholders' perspective, calculated as net income / total equity

Efficiency Ratios

• Asset Turnover Ratio: measures asset utilization, calculated as revenue / total assets
• Inventory Turnover Ratio: measures inventory management efficiency, calculated as cost of goods sold / average inventory

Solvency Ratios

• Debt-to-Equity Ratio: measures leverage, calculated as total debt / total equity
• Interest Coverage Ratio: measures ability to pay interest expenses, calculated as earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) / interest expenses

Limitations of Financial Statement Analysis

• Based on historical data, which may not reflect future performance
• Subject to accounting estimates and biases
• Ignores non-financial factors, such as management quality and industry trends

Tools and Techniques

• Financial Statement Analysis Models:
  • DuPont Analysis: breaks down ROE into three components
  • Economic Value Added (EVA) Analysis: measures profitability and value creation
• Benchmarking: compares a company's performance to industry averages or best practices