Medical Diagnosis and Conditions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main respiratory pattern associated with ataxic respiration due to medullary lesions?

  • Steady and controlled breaths
  • Rapid and shallow breathing
  • Consistent deep breaths
  • Irregular respiration with random deep and shallow breaths (correct)

Which condition is indicated by the presence of acetone in the breath?

  • Hepatic coma
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) (correct)
  • Uremic coma

Which type of odor in the breath is typically associated with hepatic coma?

  • Rotten eggs
  • Sweet smell
  • Ammonia
  • Fetor hepatic (correct)

What does a urine ferrous odor in breath indicate?

<p>Uremic coma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is associated with central neurologic lesions?

<p>Medullary lesions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be indicated by the presence of adnexal tenderness and cervical motion tenderness in this case?

<p>Ectopic pregnancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A positive pregnancy test in a case of 39°C fever could suggest which of the following conditions?

<p>Pelvic inflammatory disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential differential diagnosis for this case?

<p>Cholecystitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important next step in management for this patient given the findings?

<p>Request a detailed ultrasound (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition could be ruled out if a transvaginal ultrasound shows a viable intrauterine pregnancy?

<p>Ectopic pregnancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely diagnosis when a patient presents with symptoms of acute pelvic pain and possible septic conditions?

<p>Rupture ectopic pregnancy / septic abortion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the presence of an abscess in the pelvic region related to an ectopic source?

<p>Tubal abscess (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication may arise from an ectopic pregnancy that is left untreated?

<p>Septic abortion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions does NOT commonly relate to ectopic pregnancy?

<p>Ovarian torsion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical feature of a ruptured ectopic pregnancy?

<p>Acute abdominal pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to an increased risk of recurrent ectopic pregnancies?

<p>History of pelvic surgery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) affect the risk of ectopic pregnancy?

<p>It can cause scarring of the fallopian tubes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does an Intrauterine Device (IUD) play in the context of ectopic pregnancy risk?

<p>Increases the risk due to improper placement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method to remove potassium (k) in cases of severe hyperkalemia?

<p>Administer diuretics or resin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What management strategies are typically considered for a patient with a history of recurrent ectopic pregnancy?

<p>Regular monitoring and assessment of future pregnancies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can lead to hypernatremia?

<p>Excess free water administration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT typically associated with increased risk for ectopic pregnancy?

<p>Using hormonal birth control pills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal sodium level range in the human body?

<p>135 - 145 mmol/l (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with causing hypernatremia?

<p>Excessive antibiotic use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What serious condition can result from severe hyperkalemia?

<p>Severe hemolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dosage range for Aspirin when treating ongoing ischemia?

<p>162-325 mg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What medication should be considered for patients with an allergy or intolerance to Aspirin?

<p>Clopidogrel (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should oral B-blockers be administered in the context of heart failure or ongoing ischemia?

<p>In the first 24 hours if there are no contraindications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the loading dose of Clopidogrel for patients with Aspirin allergy/intolerance?

<p>300-600 mg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT mentioned as a reason for intravenous (IV) treatment?

<p>Diabetes management (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ataxic breathing

Irregular breathing pattern with alternating deep and shallow breaths, often associated with damage to the medulla oblongata.

Central neurogenic hyperventilation

Breathing pattern in which the rate and depth of breaths are irregular, suggesting a central nervous system dysfunction.

Acetone breath

Characteristic fruity odor of the breath, often present in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) due to high levels of ketones.

Fetor hepaticus

Distinctive foul, ammonia-like odor of the breath, common in patients with hepatic coma.

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Uremic breath

Characterized by a urine-like odor on the breath, often seen in individuals with severe kidney failure (uremia).

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Adnexal tenderness

A medical condition where a woman experiences pain in her pelvis, specifically in the area around the ovaries and fallopian tubes.

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Cervical motion tenderness

Pain experienced when the cervix is moved during a pelvic examination.

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Pregnancy test

A test used to determine whether a woman is pregnant by detecting the presence of a pregnancy hormone in her urine or blood.

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Pregnancy

A medical diagnosis based on a combination of symptoms and findings, indicating a possible state of pregnancy.

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Differential diagnosis (DD)

Possible explanations for the patient's symptoms, requiring further investigations to confirm.

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Ectopic Pregnancy

A pregnancy that occurs outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube.

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Ectopic Pregnancy Rupture

A serious complication of ectopic pregnancy where the fallopian tube bursts, causing internal bleeding.

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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

An infection of the reproductive organs, often caused by sexually transmitted infections.

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Ovarian Abscess / Tubal Abscess

A collection of pus within an ovary or fallopian tube.

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Septic Abortion

A complication of a pregnancy that ends before 20 weeks, with infection involved.

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Intrauterine Device (IUD)

A small, T-shaped device inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy.

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Pelvic Surgery

Surgical procedures performed on the pelvic region, such as hysterectomy, oophorectomy, or tubal ligation.

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Managing Recurrent Ectopic Pregnancy

Managing recurrent ectopic pregnancies can involve multiple approaches:

  • Early Diagnosis: Prompt diagnosis through ultrasound and blood tests.
  • Treatment: Surgical removal of the ectopic pregnancy or medications to stop its growth.
  • Preventing Recurrence: Using contraception, considering tubal ligation or in vitro fertilization (IVF) for future pregnancies.
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Hyperkalemia Treatment

Hyperkalemia is a condition where the potassium level in the blood is abnormally high. It can be treated by using diuretics to increase urine production, promoting potassium excretion. Resins, such as sodium polystyrene sulfonate, can also be used to bind potassium in the gastrointestinal tract, preventing its absorption.

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Hemolysis in Hyperkalemia

Hemolysis, the breakdown of red blood cells, can occur in cases of severe hyperkalemia. This is due to the disruption of cell membranes caused by high potassium levels.

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Normal Sodium Levels

Sodium is an important electrolyte that helps regulate fluid balance and maintain nerve function. Normal sodium levels typically range between 135 to 145 mmol/L.

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Hyponatremia

Hyponatremia is a condition characterized by low levels of sodium in the blood. It is the most common electrolyte disorder.

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Hyponatremia Cause: Excess Water

Excess free water administration, such as during intravenous fluid therapy, can dilute sodium levels in the blood, leading to hyponatremia.

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Aspirin

A type of medication used to reduce the risk of blood clots forming in the arteries, often used to treat and prevent heart attacks and strokes.

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Clopidogrel

An antiplatelet medication that works similarly to aspirin, often used for individuals who have an allergy or intolerance to aspirin.

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Beta-blockers

Medications that block the effects of adrenaline on the heart and blood vessels, often prescribed to manage blood pressure and heart rhythm.

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Ischemia

A condition that involves reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, often characterized by chest pain (angina).

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Heart Failure

A condition where the heart cannot pump blood efficiently to the rest of the body, leading to various symptoms like fatigue and shortness of breath.

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Study Notes

Convulsions in Pregnancy

  • Direct causes of pregnancy-related convulsions: eclampsia and pregnancy-related aggregation of epilepsy
  • Indirect causes of pregnancy-related convulsions: CNS infections, trauma, tetany, drug withdrawal, or metabolic disorders like hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, and hypocalcemia.

Diagnostic Criteria

  • Preeclampsia: Hypertension (140/90mmHg or higher) on two occasions at least four hours apart, with proteinuria (300mg or greater in 24 hours) and occurring after 20 weeks gestation.
  • Eclampsia: Preeclampsia plus tonic-clonic seizures in pregnant patients.
  • Epilepsy: Epilepsy with no history of hypertension and proteinuria, occurring anytime during pregnancy.

Clinical Presentation of Eclampsia

  • Elevated blood pressure
  • Swelling in the face and hands
  • Headache
  • Excessive weight gain
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Vision problems
  • Difficult urination
  • Abdominal pain (upper right quadrant)

Clinical Presentation of Epilepsy

  • Uncontrolled jerky movements of arms and legs
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Temporary confusion
  • Psychic symptoms (fear, anxiety, déjà vu)
  • Panic attack

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Convulsions in Pregnancy PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on various medical conditions and diagnoses in this comprehensive quiz. Explore questions on respiratory patterns, breath odors, and critical management steps related to internal medicine. Perfect for medical students and professionals looking to review key concepts.

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