24 Questions
What is the general formula for alcohols?
CnH(2n+2)O
What is the functional group present in alcohols?
Hydroxyl (OH) group
How are alcohols classified?
Based on the type of carbon atom to which the -OH is attached
What is the use of ethanol?
In beverages
What is the characteristic of ethers?
They are relatively unreactive
What is the use of ethyl ether?
As an anesthetic
What is the physical property of methyl ether?
It is a gas
How are ethers prepared?
By intermolecular dehydration of alcohols
What is the main application of formaldehyde in aqueous solution?
As a disinfectant and a fungicide
What is the functional group present in aldehydes and ketones?
C=O
How are aldehydes named?
By replacing the final -e of the name of the corresponding alkane with -al
Why do aldehydes and ketones have higher boiling points than hydrocarbons?
Because they are more polar
How can carbonyl compounds with more than six carbons be described?
Insoluble in water
What is one method of preparing aldehydes?
Hydrolysis of geminal dihalides
What is the product formed when toluene is converted to benzaldehyde?
Benzaldehyde
How many methods are mentioned in the content for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones?
All of the above
What is the main reason why the boiling points of ethers are lower than those of isomeric alcohols?
Ethers contain hydrogen bonded only to carbon.
What is the chemical formula of phenol?
C6H5OH
Which of the following is a characteristic of phenols?
They are extremely diverse in chemical structure.
What is the main use of phenols in the pharmaceutical industry?
As an oral anesthetic or analgesic.
Which of the following is a classification of phenols?
Simple phenols
What is a characteristic of aldehydes and ketones?
They contribute to the flavors and aromas of many foods.
What is a use of ketones in industry?
As an excellent solvent due to their stability.
What is a difference between ethers and alcohols?
Ethers contain hydrogen bonded only to carbon.
Study Notes
Functional Groups
- Hydroxyl (OH) group bonded to a saturated carbon atom
Alcohols
- General Formula: CnH(2n+2)O
- Functional group: Hydroxyl (OH) group
- Classification: 1, 2, or 3 depending on the type of carbon atom to which the -OH is attached
- Nomenclature:
- Select the longest continuous carbon chain
- Change the name of the alkane by dropping the final –e and adding the suffix -ol
- Number the longest continuous carbon chain so as to give the carbon atom bearing the hydroxyl group the lower number
- Indicate the position of the hydroxyl group by using this number as a locant
- Indicate the positions of other substituents (as prefixes) by using the numbers corresponding to their positions along the carbon chain as locants
- Examples of alcohols: Ethanol, 2-propanol
- Uses of alcohols: Used in beverages, bactericidal agents, solvents, and reagents
Ethers
- Functional group: C-O-C unit
- Physical properties:
- Methyl ether is a gas, and the other higher homologes are liquids
- Boiling points are much lower than those of isomeric alcohols
- Solubility in water is similar to that of alcohols
- Preparation of ethers: By intermolecular dehydration of alcohols
- Uses of ethers: Solvents for fats, oils, resins, and organic preparations
Phenols
- Chemical formula: C6H5OH
- Characteristics:
- Low molecular weight
- Extremely diverse in chemical structure
- Soluble in organic solvents and water
- Polar due to the hydroxyl group
- Classification:
- Simple phenols
- Phenolic carboxylic acids (or phenolic acids)
- Phenyl propane derivatives (or propenyl phenol)
- Flavan derivatives
- Uses of phenols:
- Used in plastic synthesis or related materials
- Used in drugs (aspirin) and many herbicides pharmaceutical drugs
- Used as an oral anesthetic or analgesic
- Used in the preparation of cosmetics including sunscreens, hairdyes, and skin lightening preparations
Aldehydes & Ketones
- Definition: Organic compounds that incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O
- Formula: varies depending on the type of aldehyde or ketone
- Nomenclature:
- Identify and name the parent substituents
- Assign a locant to each substituent
- Assemble the substituents alphabetically
- Aldehydes are named by replacing the final -e of the name of the corresponding alkane with -al
- Ketones are named by replacing the final -e of the name of the corresponding alkane with -one
- Physical properties:
- Higher boiling points than hydrocarbons due to polarity
- Lower boiling points than alcohols due to inability to form hydrogen bonds with each other
- Can form hydrogen bonds with the protons of water
- Solubility in water varies depending on the number of carbons
- Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones:
- Hydrolysis of geminal dihalides
- Reduction of Acyl Chlorides
- Decarboxylation of calcium salt of di-acids
- From nitrile
- Oxidation of alcohols
- Ozonolysis of alkenes
- Hydration of alkynes
This quiz covers the general formula and functional groups of alcohols, including the hydroxyl group bonded to a saturated carbon atom. Identify and name the functional groups present in given compounds.
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