Medical Chemistry: Alcohols and Phenols

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Questions and Answers

What is the general formula for alcohols?

CnH(2n-1)O

CnH(2n+2)O (correct)

CnH(2n+1)O

CnH(2n+3)O

What is the functional group present in alcohols?

Carboxyl group

Aldehyde group

Amino group

Hydroxyl (OH) group (correct)

How are alcohols classified?

Based on the number of hydroxyl groups present

Based on the molecular weight

Based on the type of carbon atom to which the -OH is attached (correct)

Based on the boiling point

What is the use of ethanol?

In beverages Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of ethers?

They are relatively unreactive Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of ethyl ether?

As an anesthetic Signup and view all the answers

What is the physical property of methyl ether?

It is a gas Signup and view all the answers

How are ethers prepared?

By intermolecular dehydration of alcohols Signup and view all the answers

What is the main application of formaldehyde in aqueous solution?

As a disinfectant and a fungicide Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional group present in aldehydes and ketones?

C=O Signup and view all the answers

How are aldehydes named?

By replacing the final -e of the name of the corresponding alkane with -al Signup and view all the answers

Why do aldehydes and ketones have higher boiling points than hydrocarbons?

Because they are more polar Signup and view all the answers

How can carbonyl compounds with more than six carbons be described?

Insoluble in water Signup and view all the answers

What is one method of preparing aldehydes?

Hydrolysis of geminal dihalides Signup and view all the answers

What is the product formed when toluene is converted to benzaldehyde?

Benzaldehyde Signup and view all the answers

How many methods are mentioned in the content for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why the boiling points of ethers are lower than those of isomeric alcohols?

Ethers contain hydrogen bonded only to carbon. Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula of phenol?

C6H5OH Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of phenols?

They are extremely diverse in chemical structure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main use of phenols in the pharmaceutical industry?

As an oral anesthetic or analgesic. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a classification of phenols?

Simple phenols Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of aldehydes and ketones?

They contribute to the flavors and aromas of many foods. Signup and view all the answers

What is a use of ketones in industry?

As an excellent solvent due to their stability. Signup and view all the answers

What is a difference between ethers and alcohols?

Ethers contain hydrogen bonded only to carbon. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Functional Groups

Hydroxyl (OH) group bonded to a saturated carbon atom

Alcohols

General Formula: CnH(2n+2)O
Functional group: Hydroxyl (OH) group
Classification: 1, 2, or 3 depending on the type of carbon atom to which the -OH is attached
Nomenclature:
- Select the longest continuous carbon chain
- Change the name of the alkane by dropping the final –e and adding the suffix -ol
- Number the longest continuous carbon chain so as to give the carbon atom bearing the hydroxyl group the lower number
- Indicate the position of the hydroxyl group by using this number as a locant
- Indicate the positions of other substituents (as prefixes) by using the numbers corresponding to their positions along the carbon chain as locants
Examples of alcohols: Ethanol, 2-propanol
Uses of alcohols: Used in beverages, bactericidal agents, solvents, and reagents

Ethers

Functional group: C-O-C unit
Physical properties:
- Methyl ether is a gas, and the other higher homologes are liquids
- Boiling points are much lower than those of isomeric alcohols
- Solubility in water is similar to that of alcohols
Preparation of ethers: By intermolecular dehydration of alcohols
Uses of ethers: Solvents for fats, oils, resins, and organic preparations

Phenols

Chemical formula: C6H5OH
Characteristics:
- Low molecular weight
- Extremely diverse in chemical structure
- Soluble in organic solvents and water
- Polar due to the hydroxyl group
Classification:
- Simple phenols
- Phenolic carboxylic acids (or phenolic acids)
- Phenyl propane derivatives (or propenyl phenol)
- Flavan derivatives
Uses of phenols:
- Used in plastic synthesis or related materials
- Used in drugs (aspirin) and many herbicides pharmaceutical drugs
- Used as an oral anesthetic or analgesic
- Used in the preparation of cosmetics including sunscreens, hairdyes, and skin lightening preparations

Aldehydes & Ketones

Definition: Organic compounds that incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O
Formula: varies depending on the type of aldehyde or ketone
Nomenclature:
- Identify and name the parent substituents
- Assign a locant to each substituent
- Assemble the substituents alphabetically
- Aldehydes are named by replacing the final -e of the name of the corresponding alkane with -al
- Ketones are named by replacing the final -e of the name of the corresponding alkane with -one
Physical properties:
- Higher boiling points than hydrocarbons due to polarity
- Lower boiling points than alcohols due to inability to form hydrogen bonds with each other
- Can form hydrogen bonds with the protons of water
- Solubility in water varies depending on the number of carbons
Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones:
- Hydrolysis of geminal dihalides
- Reduction of Acyl Chlorides
- Decarboxylation of calcium salt of di-acids
- From nitrile
- Oxidation of alcohols
- Ozonolysis of alkenes
- Hydration of alkynes

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Description

This quiz covers the general formula and functional groups of alcohols, including the hydroxyl group bonded to a saturated carbon atom. Identify and name the functional groups present in given compounds.