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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT an eligibility criterion for MAID in Canada?
Which of the following is NOT an eligibility criterion for MAID in Canada?
The safeguards for MAID are the same for all individuals, regardless of whether their death is reasonably foreseeable.
The safeguards for MAID are the same for all individuals, regardless of whether their death is reasonably foreseeable.
False (B)
According to arguments in favor of MAID, what principle is violated when competent patients are prohibited from accessing MAID?
According to arguments in favor of MAID, what principle is violated when competent patients are prohibited from accessing MAID?
Respect for autonomy
A person must give ______ to receive MAID, meaning they have received all necessary information to make the decision.
A person must give ______ to receive MAID, meaning they have received all necessary information to make the decision.
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According to the arguments against MAID, what is the moral duty that prohibits it?
According to the arguments against MAID, what is the moral duty that prohibits it?
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Mental illness is an eligibility criterion for MAID, as of now.
Mental illness is an eligibility criterion for MAID, as of now.
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What are the two forms of MAID that the 'Killing is Always Wrong' argument categorizes as forms of killing?
What are the two forms of MAID that the 'Killing is Always Wrong' argument categorizes as forms of killing?
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Match the following terms to how they relate to MAID:
Match the following terms to how they relate to MAID:
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What is the primary intent behind Medical Assistance in Dying (MAID)?
What is the primary intent behind Medical Assistance in Dying (MAID)?
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Active euthanasia includes the withdrawal of life support.
Active euthanasia includes the withdrawal of life support.
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What are the two main categories of euthanasia?
What are the two main categories of euthanasia?
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In passive euthanasia, the patient is allowed to die by __________ life support.
In passive euthanasia, the patient is allowed to die by __________ life support.
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Which of the following is considered an example of active euthanasia?
Which of the following is considered an example of active euthanasia?
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Passive euthanasia is legally accepted in many Western societies.
Passive euthanasia is legally accepted in many Western societies.
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Match the type of MAID with its description:
Match the type of MAID with its description:
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What ethical problem can arise from distributing vaccines to wealthier regions first?
What ethical problem can arise from distributing vaccines to wealthier regions first?
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What was the primary reason Bob's father was on life support?
What was the primary reason Bob's father was on life support?
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Passive euthanasia is considered the same as active euthanasia.
Passive euthanasia is considered the same as active euthanasia.
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In what year was physician-assisted suicide first legalized in Canada?
In what year was physician-assisted suicide first legalized in Canada?
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The court ruling in ___ v. Canada highlighted the cruelty of denying MAID to the mentally competent suffering from degenerative conditions.
The court ruling in ___ v. Canada highlighted the cruelty of denying MAID to the mentally competent suffering from degenerative conditions.
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Match the following cases with their impact on MAID legislation:
Match the following cases with their impact on MAID legislation:
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What condition still excludes patients from accessing MAID?
What condition still excludes patients from accessing MAID?
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The eligibility criteria for MAID has remained the same since it was legalized in Canada.
The eligibility criteria for MAID has remained the same since it was legalized in Canada.
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What was the primary argument in the court ruling related to Kay Carter's case?
What was the primary argument in the court ruling related to Kay Carter's case?
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According to the principle of justice, resources should be distributed based on what criteria?
According to the principle of justice, resources should be distributed based on what criteria?
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Wealthier regions have less access to adequate healthcare compared to poorer regions.
Wealthier regions have less access to adequate healthcare compared to poorer regions.
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What is one argument for distributing vaccines to poorer regions first?
What is one argument for distributing vaccines to poorer regions first?
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The argument for distributing vaccines to wealthier regions states that they are better equipped to help people in need because of their greater access to __________.
The argument for distributing vaccines to wealthier regions states that they are better equipped to help people in need because of their greater access to __________.
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Match the argument with its related statement:
Match the argument with its related statement:
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What ethical problem could arise from distributing vaccines to poorer regions first?
What ethical problem could arise from distributing vaccines to poorer regions first?
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According to the argument for distributing to wealthier regions first, maintaining their ability to help others is deemed important.
According to the argument for distributing to wealthier regions first, maintaining their ability to help others is deemed important.
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Identify one reason that supports the distribution of vaccines to wealthier regions first.
Identify one reason that supports the distribution of vaccines to wealthier regions first.
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What could be a potential consequence if PAS & VAE are allowed in Canada?
What could be a potential consequence if PAS & VAE are allowed in Canada?
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Yasmina is legally permitted to receive MAID because she is suffering from cancer.
Yasmina is legally permitted to receive MAID because she is suffering from cancer.
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What is MAID and what does it stand for?
What is MAID and what does it stand for?
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If PAS & VAE are allowed, then Canadian doctors will encourage ________ and ________ persons to receive MAID.
If PAS & VAE are allowed, then Canadian doctors will encourage ________ and ________ persons to receive MAID.
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What ethical issue is raised by allowing mentally ill individuals to access MAID?
What ethical issue is raised by allowing mentally ill individuals to access MAID?
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It is argued that psychological suffering can be as serious as physical suffering.
It is argued that psychological suffering can be as serious as physical suffering.
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Should the minimum age requirement for accessing MAID be lowered? Provide a reason for your answer.
Should the minimum age requirement for accessing MAID be lowered? Provide a reason for your answer.
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Match the terms with their appropriate descriptions:
Match the terms with their appropriate descriptions:
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The 'reasonably foreseeable' criterion for MAID eligibility was removed in Canada in 2019.
The 'reasonably foreseeable' criterion for MAID eligibility was removed in Canada in 2019.
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Which of the following was a key argument in the court ruling in Carter v. Canada?
Which of the following was a key argument in the court ruling in Carter v. Canada?
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Which of the following are eligibility criteria for MAID in Canada? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are eligibility criteria for MAID in Canada? (Select all that apply)
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Patients whose sole underlying condition is a ______ are still excluded from accessing MAID in Canada.
Patients whose sole underlying condition is a ______ are still excluded from accessing MAID in Canada.
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The argument 'Killing is Always Wrong' states that physician-assisted suicide (PAS) and voluntary active euthanasia (VAE) are morally impermissible because they are forms of killing.
The argument 'Killing is Always Wrong' states that physician-assisted suicide (PAS) and voluntary active euthanasia (VAE) are morally impermissible because they are forms of killing.
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What is the main ethical argument against allowing MAID for individuals whose sole condition is a mental illness?
What is the main ethical argument against allowing MAID for individuals whose sole condition is a mental illness?
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According to the 'Arguments in Favour of Active Euthanasia', what principle is violated when competent patients are prohibited from accessing MAID?
According to the 'Arguments in Favour of Active Euthanasia', what principle is violated when competent patients are prohibited from accessing MAID?
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Match the following court cases with their impact on MAID legislation in Canada:
Match the following court cases with their impact on MAID legislation in Canada:
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The safeguarding measures for MAID are designed to address the _______ sources of suffering and vulnerability that could potentially lead someone to request MAID when they are not nearing death.
The safeguarding measures for MAID are designed to address the _______ sources of suffering and vulnerability that could potentially lead someone to request MAID when they are not nearing death.
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What is the primary difference between passive and active euthanasia, as discussed in the scenario of Bob and his father?
What is the primary difference between passive and active euthanasia, as discussed in the scenario of Bob and his father?
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Match the arguments with their corresponding claims:
Match the arguments with their corresponding claims:
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The decision to extend the deadline for allowing MAID access to individuals with mental illness was based on a belief that there was sufficient evidence to ensure the safety of this practice.
The decision to extend the deadline for allowing MAID access to individuals with mental illness was based on a belief that there was sufficient evidence to ensure the safety of this practice.
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The eligibility criteria for MAID in Canada have remained the same since it was legalized.
The eligibility criteria for MAID in Canada have remained the same since it was legalized.
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Which of the following best represents a reason for distributing vaccines to poorer regions first?
Which of the following best represents a reason for distributing vaccines to poorer regions first?
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Wealthier nations should have first access to vaccines because they can better support those in need.
Wealthier nations should have first access to vaccines because they can better support those in need.
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What is one ethical problem that could arise from distributing vaccines to poorer regions first?
What is one ethical problem that could arise from distributing vaccines to poorer regions first?
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According to the principle of justice, resources should be distributed based on __________.
According to the principle of justice, resources should be distributed based on __________.
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Match the arguments with their respective viewpoints regarding vaccine distribution:
Match the arguments with their respective viewpoints regarding vaccine distribution:
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What is a potential consequence of allowing physician-assisted suicide and voluntary active euthanasia?
What is a potential consequence of allowing physician-assisted suicide and voluntary active euthanasia?
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Keeping wealthier regions vaccinated first supports the principle of justice.
Keeping wealthier regions vaccinated first supports the principle of justice.
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What principle must be considered when discussing the distribution of vaccines during a public health crisis?
What principle must be considered when discussing the distribution of vaccines during a public health crisis?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes passive euthanasia?
Which of the following statements accurately describes passive euthanasia?
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Active euthanasia includes voluntary active euthanasia (VAE) and physician-assisted suicide (PAS).
Active euthanasia includes voluntary active euthanasia (VAE) and physician-assisted suicide (PAS).
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Active euthanasia is mainly divided into _______ and _______.
Active euthanasia is mainly divided into _______ and _______.
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Match the type of euthanasia with its description:
Match the type of euthanasia with its description:
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Which argument states that active and passive euthanasia are morally distinct?
Which argument states that active and passive euthanasia are morally distinct?
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Both active and passive euthanasia are equally morally permissible according to some ethical arguments.
Both active and passive euthanasia are equally morally permissible according to some ethical arguments.
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What ethical concern arises from prioritizing vaccine distribution to wealthier regions first?
What ethical concern arises from prioritizing vaccine distribution to wealthier regions first?
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What impact might the allowance of PAS & VAE have on Canadian doctors' recommendations?
What impact might the allowance of PAS & VAE have on Canadian doctors' recommendations?
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Yasmina, who is 15 years old and suffers from cancer, is legally allowed to receive MAID in Canada.
Yasmina, who is 15 years old and suffers from cancer, is legally allowed to receive MAID in Canada.
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What reason is given for the belief that PAS & VAE may be considered morally wrong?
What reason is given for the belief that PAS & VAE may be considered morally wrong?
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Providing MAID to individuals suffering from _______ illness raises ethical issues.
Providing MAID to individuals suffering from _______ illness raises ethical issues.
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Match the following criteria with their descriptions regarding MAID:
Match the following criteria with their descriptions regarding MAID:
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What is a common argument against allowing mentally ill persons access to MAID?
What is a common argument against allowing mentally ill persons access to MAID?
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The discussion suggests that Yasmina fully understands MAID and its consequences.
The discussion suggests that Yasmina fully understands MAID and its consequences.
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Why should the minimum age requirement for MAID be lowered?
Why should the minimum age requirement for MAID be lowered?
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Study Notes
Health Care & Bioethics - Medical Assistance in Dying (MAID)
- MAID involves using medical means to end a person's life when natural death is expected
- The primary intention is to relieve immense pain and suffering
- MAID includes physician-assisted suicide (PAS), voluntary active euthanasia (VAE), and withholding/removal of life support
- There are distinctions between passive euthanasia (withholding or removing life support) and active euthanasia (directly administering a lethal dose)
Online Mini Lecture Instructions
- Discussion board questions appear during the lecture
- Pausing the lecture and reflecting on the topics is encouraged
- Participation in the online discussion boards on Nexus is recommended
- Answering questions on the discussion boards earns bonus marks (4+ = 2 marks, 2 = 1 mark, 1 = 0.5 marks)
- Encouraging respectful dialogue between students is highlighted
Puzzles About Justice in Emergencies
- COVID-19 vaccine distribution is discussed, specifically the ethical and philosophical issues of equitable distribution
- Vaccine distribution according to need vs. wealth is questioned — arguments for prioritizing need in poorer countries vs. wealthier countries' greater capacity for aid
- Poorer countries' need for vaccines due to healthcare limitations and wealthier countries' aid capacity are debated
Argument for Distributing to Poorer Regions First
- Poorer regions have less access to healthcare than wealthier regions
- Need for vaccines is greater in poorer regions due to limited healthcare access
- Resources should be distributed based on need, specifically in this context, healthcare need
Discussion Board Questions 1 and 2
- Students are asked to identify the least plausible premise in the argument presented, justifying the reasoning
- Students are prompted to discuss potential ethical problems arising from prioritizing poorer regions in vaccine distribution, such as global inequality and its effect on healthcare access
Argument for Distributing to Wealthier Regions First
- Wealthier regions have better healthcare access generally
- Wealthier nations are better equipped to help those in need due to resources and infrastructure, thus enabling wider distribution
- Their capability to distribute should prioritize the initial vaccine access
Discussion Board Questions 3 and 4
- Students are asked to critique a premise from a wealthier-first argument, justifying their reasoning
- Students are prompted to discuss potential ethical issues stemming from vaccinating wealthier regions first, such as the impact of unequal resource distribution on global health
Medical Assistance in Dying (MAID) - Overview
- MAID is using medical means to end a life when natural death is expected
- The main goal is pain and suffering relief, not necessarily hastening death
- MAID includes physician-assisted suicide (PAS), voluntary active euthanasia (VAE), and the withholding/removal of life support
Passive Euthanasia
- Passive euthanasia involves withholding or removing life support
- Withholding allows a patient to die naturally even if some life extension might be possible with support
- Removal of life support removes artificial measures preventing natural death
Active Euthanasia
- Active euthanasia is directly administering a lethal dose via a physician
- PAS (Physician-assisted suicide) differs from VAE (Voluntary active euthanasia) by the patient self-administering the lethal dose after a physician provides it
Are Active and Passive Euthanasia Morally Distinct? Arguments
- Different arguments address the moral distinction between active and passive euthanasia
- One argument states that taking an innocent life is wrong, thereby making active euthanasia wrong but passive euthanasia permissible, by focusing on the intent behind the act
- A second argument emphasizes both active and passive euthanasia aims to relieve suffering, making them equally permissible, by highlighting the intent to reduce suffering
Are Active and Passive Euthanasia Morally Distinct? Thought Experiment
- The thought experiment involves a father on life support where a son pulls the plug for inheritance, raising questions about the son's motivations.
- The scenario highlights the complexities of intent behind actions related to life and death decisions, and whether allowing natural death is fundamentally different from actively ending a life.
Discussion Board Questions 4 and 5
- Students are encouraged to debate the moral equality or inequality between active and passive euthanasia, considering factors like patient autonomy and intent
- The question of which argument is most compelling should be evaluated critically, citing specific aspects that contributed to a particular argument's persuasiveness.
MAID in Canada - A Brief History
- Physician-assisted suicide (PAS) and voluntary active euthanasia (VAE) were legalized in Canada in 2016
- The legalization followed a court ruling that deemed prohibiting MAID unconstitutional, emphasizing the right to end suffering
- Kay Carter's case (Carter v. Canada) was pivotal in the ruling, leading to the eventual legalization of MAID
Updates to Legislation
- Initial MAID criteria included a "reasonably foreseeable" death, subsequently adjusted to broader eligibility
- This criterion was subsequently removed to extend eligibility, particularly in the Truchon and Gladu cases in Quebec, reflecting a shift towards broader access
- There are still restrictions on access for those with mental illnesses, with a determined timeframe for review.
Safeguards
- Existing rules and protocols aim to ensure that MAID is performed safely, adhering to ethical and legal standards
- A two-track approach exists to cater to cases of foreseeable and non-foreseeable deaths, ensuring diverse patient needs are considered while maintaining patient safety
- Clear guidelines are needed to ensure the procedure respects the patient and is morally justifiable, considering potential ethical issues involved
MAID in Canada - Eligibility Criteria
- As of March 17, 2021, eligibility criteria for MAID in Canada include being 18 years or older, having decision-making capacity, and meeting specific health standards
Arguments in Favour of Active Euthanasia
- Prohibiting MAID for competent patients is a violation of personal autonomy
- MAID is morally permissible (and sometimes required) when requested by a competent individual, addressing the suffering relief aspect
- Relieving suffering sometimes requires MAID due to the severity of circumstances
Killing is Always Wrong - Against MAID
- PAS and VAE are forms of killing, violating a duty against killing, arguing against moral permissibility — the act itself is considered morally wrong
- Both practices should, therefore, be prohibited on moral grounds.
Arguments in Favour of Active Euthanasia (revisited)
- Allowing competent patients to access MAID can be the most effective way to alleviate suffering, placing it as a necessary response to severe suffering
- Denying the option of relieving suffering is morally wrong, due to its impact on a person's autonomy and well-being
- So, MAID is morally acceptable under conditions where it is intended for the relief of suffering.
A Slippery Slope - Against PAS & VAE
- Legalizing PAS and VAE might incentivize doctors to encourage vulnerable groups to choose MAID over life-prolonging treatments, due to concerns about coercion and abuse, which raise ethical considerations.
Discussion Board Questions 6 and 7
- Reflect on the moral permissibility of active euthanasia, considering various viewpoints and supporting ideas using justification and reasoning
- Critically analyze various arguments, focusing on logical flaws, assumptions, and counterarguments related to MAID
Competent Under-Aged Patients?
- The case involves a 15-year-old with severe cancer, who is competent but not eligible under current MAID laws due to age.
- Poses the question of whether the minimum age requirement for MAID should be lowered, considering the patient's capacity for autonomous decision-making
Discussion Board Questions 8 and 10
- Discusses whether psychological suffering warrants MAID in the absence of physical illness
- Explores the various ethical implications of providing MAID to those with mental illnesses, highlighting the safeguards that should be in place
- Questions whether 15-year-olds who meet other criteria should be allowed MAID, considering the complexities of the issue and various counterarguments related to minors' capacity of decision-making and access to medical aid
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Description
Test your knowledge on Medical Assistance in Dying (MAID) in Canada. This quiz covers eligibility criteria, moral arguments, and the definitions of euthanasia. Challenge yourself to understand the nuances surrounding MAID and its implications.
