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Questions and Answers
What is the main component of urine composition?
What is the main component of urine composition?
How much solid content is typically found in urine over a 24-hour period?
How much solid content is typically found in urine over a 24-hour period?
What is the purpose of the three-glass technique in urinalysis?
What is the purpose of the three-glass technique in urinalysis?
What does the PAH (p-aminohippuric acid) test assess?
What does the PAH (p-aminohippuric acid) test assess?
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During the three-glass technique, which specimen is analyzed after prostatic massage?
During the three-glass technique, which specimen is analyzed after prostatic massage?
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What component makes up approximately 3-5% of urine?
What component makes up approximately 3-5% of urine?
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What is one characteristic of a sterile specimen obtained for urinalysis?
What is one characteristic of a sterile specimen obtained for urinalysis?
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Which test is also known as Diodrast test?
Which test is also known as Diodrast test?
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Which test involves depriving a patient of fluid for 24 hours?
Which test involves depriving a patient of fluid for 24 hours?
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What minimum specific gravity (SG) value is considered normal during fasting?
What minimum specific gravity (SG) value is considered normal during fasting?
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What is evaluated in the Mosenthal test?
What is evaluated in the Mosenthal test?
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Which parameter in urine is influenced by the number and density of particles?
Which parameter in urine is influenced by the number and density of particles?
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In the context of glucose tolerance testing, what is typically collected along with blood samples?
In the context of glucose tolerance testing, what is typically collected along with blood samples?
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What type of specimen is used for routine screening and bacterial culture?
What type of specimen is used for routine screening and bacterial culture?
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What does osmolarity in a solution indicate?
What does osmolarity in a solution indicate?
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What is required for conducting a glucose tolerance test?
What is required for conducting a glucose tolerance test?
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What factors are considered in the evaluation mentioned?
What factors are considered in the evaluation mentioned?
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What is the implication of a patient with low Serum Albumin?
What is the implication of a patient with low Serum Albumin?
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Which of the following tests primarily evaluates tubular reabsorption?
Which of the following tests primarily evaluates tubular reabsorption?
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When evaluating a patient, which lab values might be significantly altered if tubular reabsorption is impaired?
When evaluating a patient, which lab values might be significantly altered if tubular reabsorption is impaired?
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Why is ethnicity mentioned in the context of evaluation?
Why is ethnicity mentioned in the context of evaluation?
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What is the main purpose of assessing BUN levels in patients?
What is the main purpose of assessing BUN levels in patients?
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In the context provided, what does low Albumin suggest about a patient's health?
In the context provided, what does low Albumin suggest about a patient's health?
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Which condition could lead to reduced Serum Albumin levels?
Which condition could lead to reduced Serum Albumin levels?
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What compound is produced when urobilinogen reacts with hydrogen peroxide and a chromogen?
What compound is produced when urobilinogen reacts with hydrogen peroxide and a chromogen?
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What color change indicates a positive result for urobilinogen?
What color change indicates a positive result for urobilinogen?
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Which bilirubin type is indicated as being water soluble?
Which bilirubin type is indicated as being water soluble?
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Which conditions are associated with elevated levels of conjugated bilirubin?
Which conditions are associated with elevated levels of conjugated bilirubin?
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What is the primary purpose of the chain of custody in drug specimen collection?
What is the primary purpose of the chain of custody in drug specimen collection?
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What color of urine is often associated with an early indication of liver disease due to high conjugated bilirubin levels?
What color of urine is often associated with an early indication of liver disease due to high conjugated bilirubin levels?
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Which temperature range is recommended for urine specimen preservation within 4 minutes of collection?
Which temperature range is recommended for urine specimen preservation within 4 minutes of collection?
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Which of the following reagents is specific for urobilinogen?
Which of the following reagents is specific for urobilinogen?
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What is the function of formalin as a urine preservative?
What is the function of formalin as a urine preservative?
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What could potentially cause a false negative result in a bilirubin test?
What could potentially cause a false negative result in a bilirubin test?
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What is the required urine volume for specimen collection in a 60 ml container?
What is the required urine volume for specimen collection in a 60 ml container?
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What is the significance of a positive test for urobilinogen?
What is the significance of a positive test for urobilinogen?
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What is the ideal time frame for testing urine specimens after collection?
What is the ideal time frame for testing urine specimens after collection?
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Which statement accurately describes bilirubin testing limitations?
Which statement accurately describes bilirubin testing limitations?
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Which preservative is noted for preventing bacterial growth up to 24 hours?
Which preservative is noted for preventing bacterial growth up to 24 hours?
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What condition is commonly ruled out if there is a significant increase in conjugated bilirubin?
What condition is commonly ruled out if there is a significant increase in conjugated bilirubin?
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Which component is added to the toilet water reservoir to prevent specimen adulteration?
Which component is added to the toilet water reservoir to prevent specimen adulteration?
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What does the term 'Addis count' refer to in urine analysis?
What does the term 'Addis count' refer to in urine analysis?
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What is the main consequence of delayed testing of unpreserved urine samples?
What is the main consequence of delayed testing of unpreserved urine samples?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of urine preservatives?
Which of the following is NOT a function of urine preservatives?
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Study Notes
Tubular Reabsorption and Tests
- Tubular reabsorption tests evaluate how effectively kidneys reabsorb substances.
- Common tests include:
- Fishberg test: measures urine specific gravity after 24 hours of fluid deprivation (SG should be ≥ 1.026).
- Mosenthal test: compares day vs. night urine volume and specific gravity.
- Fasting urine test: involves collecting urine after a period of fasting for glucose determination.
- 2-hour postprandial test: used for diabetic screening and monitoring.
- Glucose tolerance test: may include blood samples for confirmation.
Urinalysis Composition
- Normal urine composition consists of 95-97% water and 3-5% solids (approximately 60 grams in 24 hours).
- Specific gravity (SG) indicates the concentration of particles in urine, while osmolarity assesses the number of solute particles.
Bile Pigments and Indicators
- Urobilinogen (from hemoglobin degradation) indicates liver function; normal value is (+).
- Conjugated bilirubin (water-soluble) is an early indicator of liver disease, associated with conditions like hepatitis and biliary obstruction.
- Tea-colored or amber urine suggests possible liver disorders.
Drug Specimen Collection Procedures
- Chain of custody ensures proper identification of samples from collection to laboratory results.
- Required urine volume is typically 60 ml for testing.
Urine Preservation and Testing Integrity
- Specimens should be refrigerated to maintain integrity and prevent bacterial growth (up to 24 hours).
- Urine preservatives are utilized to prevent contamination and degradation, with formaldehyde acting as a sediment preservative.
- Urine should be tested within a specific timeframe after collection for accurate results.
Interferences in Urinalysis
- Certain chemicals can lead to false-positive or false-negative results, requiring careful consideration of the specimen's handling and storage conditions.
- Common interferences come from substances (e.g., Ehrlich-reactive compounds in bilirubin tests) and environmental conditions during specimen collection.
Additional Collection Techniques
- The three-glass technique is useful for diagnosing prostatic infections by comparing urine from different stages of voiding.
- Pediatric specimens often use soft adhesive bags to collect samples non-invasively.
Microscopic Examination of Urine
- Microscopic analysis includes examining cellular material such as casts and cells, which can reveal additional insights into renal health.
- Sample integrity is crucial to obtaining reliable microscopic results, necessitating prompt delivery to the laboratory after collection.
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Description
Test your understanding of medical assessment procedures with this quiz. It focuses on various patient evaluation techniques and their implications for treatment. Ideal for medical students and professionals.
