Medical Assessment Quiz

False (B)

Mental and motor development

<p>length</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyanosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tachypnea = Abnormally rapid respirations Orthopnoea = Breathlessness when lying flat Dyspnea = Difficult breathing Grunting = Positive end-expiratory pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heart failure or lung disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac enlargement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NSAIDs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carotid pulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulsus Parvus = Weak and small pulse due to decreased stroke volume Regular pulse = Consistent rhythm and strength Brachial pulse = Better for assessing pulse volume than radial pulse Heaving apex = Indicates left ventricular hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>S1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulse oximetry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Closing of the pulmonic and aortic valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac disease, pulmonary disease, or CNS depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>100</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>URSB = Aortic valve ULSB = Pulmonic valve LLSB = Tricuspid valve Apex = Mitral valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less than 100 mm Hg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brachial pulse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>periorbitally</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methemoglobinemia = Blood disorder causing cyanosis Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula = Abnormal connection causing ventilation-perfusion mismatch Persistent pulmonary circulation = Failure of blood to return to normal flow Anemia = Can complicate cyanosis assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fever, exercise, tension, crying, or stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tachypnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Grade I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ejection systolic murmur</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ejection systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitral stenosis = Causes a mid-diastolic murmur Aortic regurgitation = Leads to an early diastolic murmur Tricuspid stenosis = Rarely produces a murmur Pulmonary regurgitation = Can produce a Graham Steell murmur</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systolic murmur (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anemia (or pregnancy, or fever)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assessment of stress levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fast imaging acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Doppler</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transthoracic Echo = Assessment of general cardiac structures Transoesophageal Echo = Detection of small vegetations Cardiac CT = Assessment of coronary arteries Doppler Echo = Assessment of blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detection of aortic dissection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heart murmurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rapid breathing, more than 60 breaths per minute.

Rapid breathing, more than 50 breaths per minute.

Rapid breathing, more than 40 breaths per minute in a calm child.

Difficult or labored breathing, especially at rest or with exertion beyond what's expected.

Shortness of breath when lying flat, often a symptom of heart failure.

Shortness of breath that occurs during physical activity and improves with rest.

Difficulty breathing, including conditions like tachypnea and dyspnea.

Assessment of mental and motor skills, checking for syndromic appearances, and avoiding disturbance during sleep.

Three common causes are cardiac disease, pulmonary disease, or central nervous system depression.

Non-invasive method to measure arterial oxygen levels.

Test to distinguish between respiratory and heart causes of low blood oxygen.

Crying worsens cyanosis in patients with cyanotic heart defects.

Edema in infants with heart failure often starts periorbitally (around the eyes).

Useful for continuously monitoring critically ill patients to detect early oxygen issues.

Arterial oxygen >150 mmHg suggests respiratory cause; <100 mmHg suggests heart problem.

Methemoglobinemia, pulmonary arteriovenous fistula, and persistent pulmonary circulation.

Conditions like heart failure, poor blood flow, low protein levels (hypoalbuminemia), and certain medications can cause swelling in the extremities.

The apex beat, the heart's lowermost and outermost beat, is typically located at the 4th or 5th left intercostal space (ICS) at the mid-clavicular line.

An excessively forceful apex beat, which is felt as a heave, suggests left ventricular hypertrophy or enlargement.

A tapping apex beat, a palpable first heart sound, commonly indicates mitral stenosis (narrowing of the mitral valve).

A left parasternal heave indicates a right ventricle that is enlarged and/or working harder.

A noticeable second heart sound (loud P2 or A2) suggests a possible issue with the semilunar valves.

Assessing pulse character and volume using the brachial or carotid pulse is often more reliable than the radial pulse, as it's closer to the heart, leading to less 'wave damping'.

Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and important for evaluating overall cardiovascular health.

Systematic listening to heart sounds at specific locations on the chest wall, including the apex, sternal borders, and considering potential dextrocardia.

The "lub" sound; created by closing of mitral and tricuspid valves as the ventricles contract.

The "dub" sound; created by the closing of the pulmonic and aortic valves as ventricular pressure drops.

The period of the cardiac cycle when the heart ventricles contract, pushing blood through the aorta and pulmonary artery.

The period of the cardiac cycle when the heart ventricles relax, allowing them to fill with blood.

Evaluating the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat, using both auscultation (listening) and palpation (touching).

Children's heart rates are more variable than adults' due to factors like temperature, activity, and emotions.

Specific areas on the chest wall for listening to heart sounds, including the aortic, pulmonic, tricuspid, and mitral valves.

Transthoracic echocardiogram uses ultrasound waves to create images of the heart from the chest wall. It shows heart structure and function.

TTE is used to assess shortness of breath, heart murmurs, infective endocarditis, prosthetic valves, cardiomyopathy, pericardial disease, and congenital heart disease.

Transoesophageal echocardiogram uses ultrasound waves to create images of the heart through the esophagus.

TOE provides clearer images than TTE, especially for detecting small vegetations in infective endocarditis.

TOE helps assess cardiac source of emboli, infective endocarditis, aortic diseases like dissection, regurgitant valves, prosthetic valves, cardiac masses, and congenital heart disease.

Cardiac Computed Tomography uses X-ray beams to create detailed 3D images of the heart.

Cardiac CT is used to assess coronary arteries, including calcium score, which predicts future cardiovascular events.

Cardiac CT is very fast, taking only a few seconds for image acquisition.

Systolic murmurs are heart sounds heard during systole (contraction of the heart). There are three types: ejection systolic, pansystolic, and late systolic.

A type of systolic murmur that starts softly, gets louder, then fades. Caused by narrowed valves or increased blood flow.

Diastolic murmurs are heart sounds heard during diastole (relaxation of the heart). Two types: early diastolic and mid-diastolic.

A diastolic murmur that peaks at the start then fades of diastole, often due to leaking valves.

A diastolic murmur that is low-pitched and rumbling, often loudest in the middle of diastole. Usually associated with narrow valves.

Murmurs are graded on a scale of I-VI to describe their loudness.

Murmurs are characterized by their timing, intensity, pitch, site, radiation (spread), configuration, and relationship with posture and breath.

A heart defect causing a murmur due to turbulent blood flow.