Medical Assessment and Diagnosis Quiz

Pain experienced when drawing up the right knee, possibly indicating appendicitis. The inflamed appendix may press against the right Psoas muscle, causing this pain.

Pain elicited when internally rotating the flexed right hip, potentially suggesting appendicitis. An inflamed appendix may lie against the right obturator internus muscle.

Pain experienced upon releasing pressure on the abdomen, indicating irritation of the peritoneum, a common sign in appendicitis.

Clinical assessment of appendicitis should include Psoas Sign, Obturator Sign, and Rebound Tenderness to identify potential inflammation of the appendix.

A condition characterized by rigidity, severe tenderness, rebound tenderness, and absence of bowel sounds, often indicating serious abdominal issues requiring surgery.

An infection of the female reproductive organs, typically diagnosed through clinical assessment. Positive signs include adnexal tenderness, cervical motion tenderness, and vaginal discharge.

Absence of tenderness or vaginal discharge typically indicates no PID.

An abdominal exam is necessary when there is abdominal pain, radiating pain, or signs of a surgical abdomen, including rigidity, severe tenderness, rebound tenderness, and absent bowel sounds.

A type of arthritis where the cartilage in joints wears down, causing pain, stiffness, and swelling. It's not caused by inflammation.

A type of arthritis caused by an autoimmune disorder, where the body's immune system attacks its own tissues, leading to inflammation in joints, causing pain, stiffness, and deformities like swan-neck deformity.

Severe pain radiating from the back, down the hip, and into the leg, caused by compression of the sciatic nerve.

A test to assess lumbar disc herniation. The leg is raised while the patient lies on their back, and the angle at which pain occurs indicates possible disc problems.

Pain typically felt around the belly button with mild tenderness.

Pain shifts to the lower right abdomen with severe tenderness.

General abdominal pain with signs of peritonitis, like severe pain when pressed on the abdomen.

Assessing an ankle injury involves inspecting for swelling, discoloration, misalignment, palpating for tenderness and heat, and conducting functional tests like walking or range of motion.

A test used to evaluate the integrity of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) by pulling the tibia forward while the knee is flexed. A positive Lachman test indicates an ACL injury.

A test evaluating the anterior stability of the knee and ACL integrity. The knee is flexed, and the tibia is pulled forward. Increased movement compared to the unaffected knee suggests ACL damage.

A test evaluating anterolateral instability of the knee, primarily associated with ACL injury. The knee is flexed while applying a valgus force. Excessive tibial translation signifies ACL laxity.

A test for meniscus tears, involving flexing and extending the knee while applying rotational force. A clicking sound or pain indicates potential meniscal damage based on location.

A test evaluating the integrity of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments. The knee is flexed, and lateral or medial forces are applied. Excessive movement suggests ligamentous injury.

The sympathetic nervous system arises from the thoracolumbar segment of the spinal cord (T1-L2). It's responsible for the 'fight or flight' response.

The parasympathetic nervous system arises from the craniosacral segment of the spinal cord. It's responsible for the 'rest and digest' response.

Caused by blockage in blood vessels supplying the brain, leading to tissue damage. Often affects the left parietal lobe, causing speech and motor impairments.

A comprehensive history is used to understand a patient's health background, especially when dealing with a complex condition like radiculopathy, which may have multiple causes.

Disc herniation is the most frequent cause of radiculopathy, leading to nerve root compression and symptoms like pain, numbness, and weakness.

The L5 and S1 nerve roots are the most commonly affected by radiculopathy, due to their location and susceptibility to compression.

A focused history helps concentrate on the chief complaint and related systems, particularly in urgent settings where time is limited.

A detailed review of systems explores all body systems, even those not directly related to the chief complaint, to uncover potential contributing factors.

This test involves raising a leg to check for pain in the back or leg, indicating possible nerve irritation or compression, a sign of radiculopathy.

Radiculopathy is more common in men, with 60% prevalence compared to 40% in women.

Radiculopathy typically affects individuals around 45 years old.

Common signs of a lower UTI include:

• Frequent urination
• Urgency to urinate
• Pain or burning during urination
• Blood in the urine, possibly making the urine appear pink, red, or cola-colored

More severe UTIs affecting the kidneys can cause:

• Fever and chills
• Pain in the back or side below the ribs
• Nausea and vomiting

The most frequent cause of UTIs, both simple and complicated, is Escherichia coli.

Besides E. coli, UTIs can be caused by various other types of bacteria, including:

• Klebsiella spp.
• Proteus spp.
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Enterococcus spp.

A normal scrotal exam reveals:

• Testicles: Movable, rubbery, smooth surface, and smooth on top where the epididymis is located.
• Spermatic cord: Straight and feels like thick strands of string

During a scrotal exam, abnormal findings might include:

• Testicles: Firm, bumpy, non-smooth, enlarged, or tender.
• Epididymis: Firm or tender.
• Prostate: Enlarged, tender, or feels differently from its normal heart shape with size of 4x3x2.

The testicle has the consistency of a hard-boiled egg or rubber ball.

The epididymis is located on the superior posterior surface of the testicle, feeling soft and wormlike.

Routine Pap smears should begin at age 21 and continue every 3 years until age 30. After age 30, screenings can be done every 5 years, and after age 65, screenings can be discontinued if 3 consecutive Pap smears within the past 5 years have been negative.

Triple A refers to an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm, a serious condition involving a bulge in the aorta, the main artery carrying blood from the heart.

Heartburn, a burning sensation caused by stomach acid reflux, can be alleviated through lifestyle changes like dietary adjustments (avoiding triggers like chocolate and caffeine), meal management (eating smaller meals), and weight management.

Murphy's sign is a clinical sign that indicates acute cholecystitis, which is inflammation of the gallbladder. It's tested by palpating the right upper abdomen while the patient inhales deeply. If pain occurs and the patient stops breathing, the sign is positive.

This refers to a sudden, severe abdominal condition that requires immediate medical attention. One example is an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (Triple A).

Foods and beverages that can cause or worsen heartburn include chocolate, peppermint, fatty foods, caffeine, citrus, and tomatoes.

A positive Murphy's sign indicates pain in the right upper abdomen during palpation, particularly when the patient inhales deeply, strongly suggesting acute cholecystitis.

Cholecystitis is an inflammation of the gallbladder, typically caused by gallstones blocking the cystic duct.