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Questions and Answers
Which of the following structures is NOT located in the superior mediastinum?
Which of the following structures is NOT located in the superior mediastinum?
What is the inferior boundary of the mediastinum?
What is the inferior boundary of the mediastinum?
Which of the following structures is located in the middle mediastinum?
Which of the following structures is located in the middle mediastinum?
What is the function of the phrenic nerve?
What is the function of the phrenic nerve?
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Which of the following structures is NOT found in the posterior mediastinum?
Which of the following structures is NOT found in the posterior mediastinum?
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What is the primary function of the left ventricle?
What is the primary function of the left ventricle?
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What is the name of the structure that separates the right and left atria?
What is the name of the structure that separates the right and left atria?
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Where is the crista terminalis located?
Where is the crista terminalis located?
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What is the function of the papillary muscles?
What is the function of the papillary muscles?
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Which of these is NOT a major vein that brings blood into the heart?
Which of these is NOT a major vein that brings blood into the heart?
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Which layer of the heart wall is responsible for contraction?
Which layer of the heart wall is responsible for contraction?
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Where does blood enter the right atrium?
Where does blood enter the right atrium?
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What is the name of the remnant of the fetal opening between the atria?
What is the name of the remnant of the fetal opening between the atria?
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Flashcards
Mediastinum
Mediastinum
Space between the two pleural cavities in the thoracic cavity.
Superior Mediastinum
Superior Mediastinum
Upper division of the mediastinum, containing the aortic arch and major veins and nerves.
Inferior Mediastinum
Inferior Mediastinum
Lower division of the mediastinum, split into anterior, middle, and posterior sections.
Heart
Heart
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Components of Inferior Mediastinum
Components of Inferior Mediastinum
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Pericardium
Pericardium
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Epicardium
Epicardium
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Myocardium
Myocardium
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Endocardium
Endocardium
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Atria
Atria
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Ventricles
Ventricles
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Pectinate muscles
Pectinate muscles
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Myocardial thickness
Myocardial thickness
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Study Notes
Mediastinum
- Space between two pleural cavities
- Extent:
- Superiorly: Thoracic outlet (root of neck)
- Inferiorly: Diaphragm
- Anteriorly: Sternum
- Posteriorly: Vertebral column
Divisions
- Superior
- Anterior
- Middle
- Posterior
Superior Mediastinum
- Aortic arch and its branches (brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian)
- Veins: SVC, brachiocephalic vein
- Nerves: Vagus, phrenic, left recurrent laryngeal
Inferior Mediastinum
- Anterior mediastinum: Loose connective tissue
- Middle mediastinum: Pericardium and heart
- Posterior mediastinum:
- Descending aorta
- Azygous, hemiazygous vein
- Vagus nerve
- Esophagus, thoracic duct
Heart
- Four-chambered, hollow muscular organ, approximately the size of a fist.
- Location:
- Superior surface of diaphragm
- Left of the midline
- Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the sternum
Pericardium
- Fibrous pericardium
- Serous pericardium;
- Parietal pericardium
- Visceral pericardium (or epicardium)
- Pericardial cavity filled with pericardial fluid
Heart Wall
- Three layers of tissue:
- Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
- Myocardium (middle layer of cardiac muscle)
- Endocardium (inner surface of heart chambers)
External Anatomy
- Four chambers:
- 2 atria
- 2 ventricles
- Major veins: Superior & inferior vena cava
- Pulmonary veins
- Major arteries: Aorta, Pulmonary trunk
Surfaces of Heart
- Base
- Right pulmonary surface
- Anterior surface
- Left pulmonary surface
- Inferior (acute) margin
- Diaphragmatic surface
- Obtuse margin
- Apex
Internal Features
- Atria (right and left)
- Ventricles (right and left)
- Valves:
- Atrioventricular (AV) valves (tricuspid and mitral valves)
- Semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary valves)
Parts of Right Atrium
- Sinus venarum (posterior smooth part of sinus venosus)
- Atrium proper (anterior rough part)
- Crista terminalis (ridge separating the two parts)
Sinus Venarum
- Posterior smooth part
- Openings: SVC (superior vena cava)
- IVC (inferior vena cava)
- Opening of coronary sinus
Anterior Rough Part
- Crista terminalis
- Musculi pectinati
Interatrial Septum
- Separates right and left atria
- Fossa ovalis
- Limbus fossa ovalis
Left Atrium
- Four pulmonary veins
- Left atrioventricular orifice
Ventricles of Heart
- Ventricles (right and left): Discharging chambers of the heart.
- Right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk.
- Left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta
- Trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles mark ventricular walls
Myocardial Thickness and Function
- Thickness of myocardium varies according to the function of the chamber.
- Atria are thin-walled, delivering blood to adjacent ventricles.
- Ventricle walls are much thicker and stronger
- Right ventricle supplies blood to the lungs (little flow resistance)
- Left ventricle wall is the thickest to supply systemic circulation
Right Ventricle
- Thick-walled triangular chamber
- Internal features: Large lower rough inflowing part, small upper outflowing part (infundibulum)
Trabeculae Carneae of Right Ventricular Chamber
- Sponge-like appearance
- 3 types (ridges, bridges, pillars)
- Papillary muscles (ant, post, & septal)
- Moderator band (septal marginal trabeculum)
Left Ventricle
- Mitral valve anterior cusp
- Chordae tendineae
- Anterior papillary muscle
- Trabeculae carneae
- Posterior papillary muscle
Heart Valves
- Heart valves ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart.
- AV valves lie between atria and ventricles
- Prevent backflow into the atria
- Chordae tendineae anchor AV valves to papillary muscles
- Semilunar valves
- Prevent backflow into the ventricles
- Aortic semilunar valve lies between the left ventricle and the aorta.
- Pulmonary semilunar valve lies between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Coronary Circulation: Arterial Supply
- Right coronary artery
- Left coronary artery
- Marginal artery
- Circumflex artery
- Anterior interventricular artery
- Posterior interventricular artery
Coronary Circulation: Venous Supply
- Great cardiac vein
- Coronary sinus
- Small cardiac vein
- Middle cardiac vein
- Anterior cardiac veins
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Description
Explore the complex structure of the mediastinum and the heart through this quiz. Understand the various divisions of the mediastinum, including the superior and inferior sections, as well as the anatomy and position of the heart and pericardium. Test your knowledge on this vital area of human anatomy.
