Media and Information Literacy

• Media and information are distinct but intrinsically connected elements
• Information can be shared through media

Literacy

• The ability to process information

Media Literacy

• The ability to analyze, evaluate, and produce communication

Information Literacy

• Recognizing when information is needed and effectively using it in various formats

Technology Literacy

• The ability to locate, evaluate, use, and create information

Media and Information Literacy

• Enables information providers to effectively develop critical thinking and lifelong learning skills
• Based on UNESCO's framework, it is essential to make informed judgments, build community, learn about the world, maintain public discourse, and engage in lifelong learning

Desensitization

• A state where a person becomes insensitive or nonreactive

Automaticity

• A state where minds operate without conscious effort

Normalization

• Programmed and predictable response to information

Pre-Industrial Age (Pre-1700s)

• Featured cave paintings, papyrus, codex, Acta Diurna, and Dibao as forms of media
• Writing and drawings were the primary means of communication

Papyrus Paper

• Used in ancient Egypt in 2,500 BC
• Clay tablets were found in Mesopotamia in 2,400 BC

Acta Diurna

• Considered the world's first newspaper
• Appeared in 131 B.C

Dibao

• Were "reports from the [official] residences"
• Publications issued by central and local governments in imperial China

Industrial Age (1700s-1930s)

• Characterized by harnessing the power of machines

Typewriter

• Allowed a more uniform method of recording text
• Averted confusion that came with handwriting

Telegraph

• Invented in the 1870s
• Enabled real-time communication across distances, leading to faster information exchange

Transistor

• Its invention started the era of electronic computing

Printing Press

• It allowed the mass production of books, newspapers, and other printed materials

Motion Pictures

• Paved the way for the introduction of motion pictures
• Evolved from the 1890s to 1926

Electronic Age (1930s-1980s)

• Featured the development of large electronic computers, mainframes, and early personal computers
• Earliest devices that used the transistor were the transistor radio and the television

Information Age (1900s-2000s)

• Characterized by the massive influence of the Internet New media can be typically found on the World WideWeb such as Facebook, YouTube and Wikis

Technology and Culture

• The Philippines has the most time spent on social media
• Continuous improvement in communication methods is needed
• Media theory proponent Marshall McLuhan is known for the phrase "The medium is the message"

Technological determinism

• Society is driven by changes in media and communication technology due to its cultural determinism

Cultural determinism

• Culture and society shape technology
• Traditional media experience is limited, whereas new media is more interactive

Functions of Communication and Media

• Informs citizens
• Educates the audience
• Provides public discourse
• Gives publicity to institutions
• Channels advocacy
• Avoid censorship of dogmas, authority, orders, code of conduct, norm, establishment, principle, doctrines, protocols

Information Literacy

• Means "formation of the mind or teaching"
• Has 7 Stages; identify/recognize the need, determine different sources, cite/research, analyze/evaluate, organize/store, ethically/efficiently use, create/communicate
• There are various reasons why information literacy is a life skill.

News Literacy

• The ability to use critical thinking skills to judge reliability and credibility

Critical Thinking

• Trains us to evaluate facts and form evidence-based conclusions

Information Disorder - 3 Factors

• Misinformation: false information disseminated believing it to be true
• Mal-information: based on reality but used to inflict harm
• Disinformation: false information, knowingly disseminated

Misinformation - 2 Factors

• False connection: headlines, visuals, or captions that do not support the content
• Misleading content: cropping photos or choosing quotes or statistics selectively.

Disinformation - 4 Factors

• Manipulated content: genuine content manipulated to deceive
• Fabricated content: fabricated "news sites" or fabricated visual
• False context: genuine content re-circulated out of its original context
• Imposter content: persons' bylines used alongside articles they did not write, or organizations' logos used in videos or images that they did not create

News

• Consists of news values/drivers, editorial judgement, and audience judgement

News Drivers

• Importance: affects the greater population
• Relevance: helps and impacts the public
• Magnitude: affected population
• Timeliness: recent occurrence
• Proximity: event location
• Change: needed knowledge
• Conflict: form of misunderstanding
• Human interest: story about condition
• Prominence: report about an institution

Aspects of News

• Oddity/Unusualness: being striking
• Audience Judgement: shapes presentation
• Editorial Judgement: shapes story
• Verification: gathering evidence
• Independence: freedom Accountability: delivers information

Speech Context

• The situation or environment in which communication occurs
• Three main types; interpersonal, intrapersonal, public
• Two categories; formal, informal

Intrapersonal Communication

• Communicating simply with oneself.
• Individual communicating is both sender and receiver
• Examples: daydreaming, reflecting, analyzing, evaluating, mumbling
• Types; internal discourse, solo written, solo vocal

Interpersonal Communication

• Transmission or exchange of a message, feelings, or a meaning through verbal or nonverbal cues
• Can be direct and indirect
• Dyadic Composed of two participants who take turns as the sender and receiver in the communication process.
• Small group. composed of three or more participants

Public Communication

• Features a single speaker, sizeable audience, planning and preparation, limited feedback, nonverbal messages, and a time limit
• Public communication purposes can be to inform, persuade, and entertain