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Questions and Answers
What is Ischemia caused by?
What is Ischemia caused by?
lack of blood flow and lack of oxygen
Is Ischemia reversible?
Is Ischemia reversible?
True
What are some causes of arterial insufficiency?
What are some causes of arterial insufficiency?
What are some risk factors for vascular disorders?
What are some risk factors for vascular disorders?
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Match the artery with the associated area affected by Peripheral Artery Disease:
Match the artery with the associated area affected by Peripheral Artery Disease:
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The __________ barked.
The __________ barked.
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Study Notes
Vascular Disorders
- Can lead to impaired perfusion, resulting in ischemia, which is a reversible cellular injury caused by a lack of blood flow and oxygen.
- Ischemia can progress to infarction or necrosis, which is the death of tissue with an inability to regenerate.
Causes of Arterial Insufficiency
- Arteriosclerosis: the walls of arteries become hardened, which occurs with aging.
- Atherosclerosis: the accumulation of lipids, blood components, and other cells on the innermost layer of the arterial wall.
- Emboli: a clot in an artery.
Causes of Venous Insufficiency
- Dysfunction of valves, which can be caused by prolonged standing or smoking.
- Prevention and treatment: compression stockings and vein treatments.
Risk Factors for Vascular Disorders
- Smoking
- High cholesterol
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Obesity
- Diabetes
- Hypertension
- Age
- Sex
Smoking as a Risk Factor
- Acts as a vasoconstrictor
- Impairs oxygen transport
- Impairs cellular oxygen use
- Increases blood viscosity
- Increases homocysteine levels
Arterial Disorders
- Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
- Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAI)
- Aneurysms
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
- Narrowing of the arteries in the upper and lower extremities
- Related to other cardiovascular diseases
- Higher risk of premature death from cardiovascular disease, coronary events, and stroke
- Causes: atherosclerosis, lipid accumulation, connective tissue deposits, muscle cell replication, and immune cell infiltration
Common Sites of PAD
- Iliac
- Femoral
- Popliteal
- Tibial
- Carotid (not shown)
- Coronary (not shown)
Risk Factors for PAD
- Smoking
- Hyperlipidemia
- C-reactive protein
- Uncontrolled hypertension
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Obesity
- Diabetes mellitus
Clinical Manifestations of PAD
- Often no symptoms until 60-75% of the vessel is occluded
- Symptoms depend on the site of PAD
- Classic manifestation: intermittent claudication, which is an ischemic muscle ache or pain that is precipitated by constant exercise and relieved with 10 minutes of rest
Examples of PAD Symptoms
- Iliac PAD: claudication in buttocks and thighs
- Femoral or popliteal PAD: claudication in calves
Diagnostics for PAD
- Doppler ultrasound to map blood flow
- Segmental blood pressures while the patient is supine
- Ankle-brachial pressure index (ABI) to determine the ratio of BP in the upper extremity vs. the lower (ankle/brachial)
Goals of Therapy for PAD
- Protect from further trauma and provide good foot care
- Decrease ischemic pain
- Provide proper wound care and prevent/control infection
- PAD/CVD prevention measures
- Consider revascularization therapies, such as bypass grafting or removal of obstructive plaque, with amputation as a last resort
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Description
This quiz covers vascular disorders, including ischemia and infarction, and their effects on perfusion and tissue health.
