67 Questions
Mechanoreceptors are a type of receptor for tactile skin sensation, deep-tissue sensation, proprioception, and hearing. Examples include Merkel cells, ruffini endings, Pacinian corpuscles, and free nerve endings. Mechanical forces – receptor stretching alters membrane permeability. Vibration, acceleration, sound, baroreceptors (pressure), osmoreceptors (cell stretch)
True
What is the action of the inferior rectus muscle on the eye?
Moves the eye downward, slightly inward
What is the result of the eye focusing an image in front of the retina due to lens thickness?
Myopia
____ is caused by the irregular curvature of the cornea or lens, which prevents the focusing of images, blurring vision.
Astigmatism
What is the condition of farsightedness associated with aging that is corrected with bifocals?
Presbyopia
What is the action of the superior oblique muscle on the eye?
Moves the eye inward and downward
_______ function is pain and itch and the example is free nerve endings.
Nociceptors
Stimuli awareness, recognition, identification, and interpretation are primarily processed in the ______
Thalamus
Where are the cells that are sensitive to light located?
In the retina
What is the function of cones as photoreceptors?
To provide color vision and visual clarity in bright light
What kind of movement is caused by the medial rectus muscle of the eye?
Moving the eye inward
Which eye muscle moves the eye outward, away from the nose?
Lateral rectus muscle
What is the function of photoreceptors?
Vision and color
What is the pathway that stimulates autonomic responses such as increased blood pressure and heart rate?
Anterolateral pathway
What type of pain is characterized when the stimulus is initiated in skin, joints, muscles, bones, and other internal organs?
Nociceptive pain
Light Is reflected into the ______, then passes through the pupil, then the lens, then the vitreous humor, and finally the retina.
Cornea
What is the characteristic of rods as photoreceptors?
They produce a photopigment for vision in dim light
What is the result of the image focusing behind the retina?
Hyperopia
What is the function of chemoreceptors?
Taste and smell
Which muscle moves the eye upward and slightly outward?
Superior rectus muscle
What is associated with the central retina?
Color vision
Which muscle moves the eye outward and upward?
Inferior oblique muscle
Patient presents to the ER with ear pain. Patient states they have an upper respiratory infection and recently flew to the Bahamas to go scuba diving. What can the nurse suspect?
Barotrauma
_____ is the lack of coordinated extrinsic eye muscle function that prevents the eyes from lining up in the same direction (crossed eyes,) the misalignment of visual axes results in the inability to focus on a single object.
Strabismus
What is the result of uncoordinated eye movement and focus in amblyopia?
Loss of visual detail
What is the condition often resulting from a lack of coordination of the extraocular muscles, which may result in double vision?
Diplopia
A patient presents to the ER with itching, redness, tenderness of the ear, and narrowing of tissues/swelling in the ear canal. Patient also states they swim a lot and have mild hearing loss. What can the nurse suspect?
Otitis externa
What is the pathway of sound through the ear?
Auricle, external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, oval window, cochlea, cochlear nerve, brain
What is the term for inflammation of the external ear?
Otitis externa
What is often the result of a head injury or space occupying lesion that interferes with vestibular pathways or cerebellar function?
Acquired nystagmus
What is the function of the three semicircular canals and vestibule?
Balance and equilibrium
What is Acute Otitis media often associated with?
Upper respiratory infections
What can cause Congenital nystagmus to manifest at the age of 2 months?
Oculomotor abnormalities during neural development
What can cause Acquired nystagmus to develop?
All of the above
What is the primary cause of chronic, progressive, conductive hearing loss?
Otosclerosis
Which type of hearing loss is often permanent and results from disease, trauma, or genetic inheritance of a defect in the cochlear nerve cells?
Sensorineural hearing loss
Patient presents to the ER with depression, anxiety, disordered sleep, stiffness and pain in the neck, shoulders, upper back, and hips, and fatigue due to nonrestorative sleep which has been happening for over 3 months. What can the nurse suspect?
Fibromyalgia
________, a condition associated with severe vertigo (spinning sensation), sensorineural hearing loss, and tinnitus, is related to overproduction or decreased absorption of endolymph.
Ménière disease
What is the most effective treatment regimen for fibromyalgia?
Cognitive–behavioral therapy, coupled with stress reduction methods and medication to promote sleep
What is the potential complication of untreated otitis media?
Meningitis
What type of hearing loss is associated with the outer or middle ear?
Conductive hearing loss
What is the primary treatment for managing fibromyalgia symptoms?
Tricyclic antidepressants
What is the likely diagnosis for a patient presenting with a moderate to severe headache, nausea, and sensitivity to light?
Migraine
What is otitis media with effusion?
Fluid in the middle ear without infection or inflammation
What is the characteristic of conductive hearing loss?
Temporary or permanent, localized to the outer or middle ear
Patient presents to the ER with acute ear pain, enlarged lymph nodes, rhinorrhea (runny nose), fever, impaired hearing, a perforated tympanic membrane, middle ear effusion and inflammation. Patient states this came on suddenly and has happened 3 times in the last 6 months. What can the nurse suspect?
Acute Otitis Media
What is the age of onset for Ménière disease?
Between 20 and 60 years
What is the most common type of macular degeneration?
Dry (atrophic)
Patient presents to the ER with vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss, pressure and pain, tinnitus, and nystagmus. What can the nurse suspect?
Ménière disease
What is the treatment for acute otitis media that is not responsive to observation?
Antibiotics
Patient presents to the ER with acute ear pain, enlarged lymph nodes, rhinorrhea (runny nose), fever, impaired hearing, a perforated tympanic membrane. Physical exam shows middle ear effusion with no inflammation. What can the nurse suspect?
Otitis Media with effusion
______ is a condition of altered vestibular function. The pathology is targeted to the labyrinth component of the internal ear, causing vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, pressure, and pain.
Ménière disease
What is the contributing factor of macular degeneration mentioned in the text?
All of the above
What is the characteristic of the dry (atrophic) form of macular degeneration mentioned in the text?
Slow progression of symptoms
Older patient presents to the ER with distortion of central vision, decreased ability to read, recognize faces, and see colors, and blindness. Vision exam shows leakage, bulging macula, and drusen deposition. What can the nurse suspect?
Macular degeneration
What is the location of the pathology in Ménière disease mentioned in the text?
Labyrinth component of the internal ear
What is the pathophysiology of angle closure glaucoma?
Rapid IOP from blocked aqueous humor drainage
What is the medication treatment for glaucoma?
Increases aqueous humor outflow
What is the characteristic of normal tension glaucoma?
Poor blood flow to the optic nerve
Patient presents to the ER with gradual vision loss, blind spots in the field of vision that was initially limited to periphery and progresses centrally. The doctor states this is irreversible. What kind of glaucoma does the nurse suspect?
Primary open angle
What is the consequence of retinopathy of prematurity?
All of the above
Patient presents to the ER with damage to the optic nerve, eye pain, headache, nausea, blurred vision, and rainbows around lights at night, induced by increased pupil dilation. What kind of glaucoma does the nurse suspect?
Acute angle closure
What is the type of glaucoma caused by clogged trabecular network and impaired aqueous humor draining?
Primary open angle glaucoma
What is the condition characterized by impaired development of retinal blood vessels and has 2 phases?
Retinopathy of prematurity
Patient presents to the ER with Leukocoria (white pupils), nystagmus (anormal eye movements), strabismus (crossed eyes), and myopia (nearsightedness). What would the nurse suspect?
Retinopathy
What is the result of impaired aqueous humor draining in the eye?
Increased intraocular pressure
What are the three categories of glaucoma?
Primary open angle, angle closure, and normal tension
Study Notes
Eye Anatomy and Movement
- The inferior rectus muscle moves the eye downward, slightly inward.
- The superior oblique muscle moves the eye inward and downward.
- The inferior oblique muscle moves the eye outward and upward.
- The lateral rectus muscle moves the eye outward, away from the nose.
- The medial rectus muscle moves the eye inward, toward the nose.
- The superior rectus muscle moves the eye upward, slightly outward.
Refractive Errors
- Myopia (nearsightedness) is caused by the focusing of an image in front of the retina due to lens thickness.
- Hyperopia (farsightedness) is caused by the focusing of an image behind the retina, altering the transmission of light.
- Astigmatism is caused by irregular curvature of the cornea or lens, preventing the focusing of images, and is corrected with glasses, contacts, or laser surgery.
- Presbyopia is a condition of farsightedness associated with aging, resulting from the inability of the ciliary muscle and lens to accommodate for near vision, and is corrected with bifocals.
Photoreceptors and Sensory Receptors
- Photoreceptors are responsible for vision, and examples include rods and cones.
- Chemoreceptors are responsible for taste and smell, and examples include olfactory epithelium receptors, oxygen, pH, and organic molecules.
- Nociceptors are responsible for pain and itch, and examples include free nerve endings.
Pain and Autonomic Responses
- Autonomic responses, such as increased blood pressure and heart rate, activation of sweat glands, dilation of pupils, and constriction of blood vessels, are stimulated when impulses are conducted along the anterolateral pathway.
- Stimuli awareness, recognition, identification, and interpretation are primarily processed in the thalamus.
- Nociceptive pain is characterized by stimuli initiated in skin, joints, muscles, bones, and other internal organs, but not within the CNS.
Light and the Retina
- Light is reflected into the cornea, then passes through the pupil, then the lens, then the vitreous humor, and finally the retina.
- The retina contains cells that are sensitive to light, called photoreceptors.
- Rods are a type of photoreceptor that produces a photopigment, allowing for vision in dim light.
- Cones are a type of photoreceptor that provides the ability to see bright light and color, and are involved in visual clarity.
Eye Disorders
- Strabismus is the lack of coordinated extrinsic eye muscle function, preventing the eyes from lining up in the same direction, resulting in crossed eyes.
- Amblyopia is the loss of visual detail due to uncoordinated eye movement and focus, also known as lazy eye.
- Diplopia is a condition often resulting from a lack of coordination of the extraocular muscles, resulting in double vision.
- Congenital nystagmus is a condition resulting from oculomotor abnormalities during neural development, manifesting at the age of 2 months.
Ear Anatomy and Function
- Sound enters the ear through the auricle, then goes into the external acoustic meatus, followed by the tympanic membrane, which causes the 3 ossicles and stapes to vibrate, moving the oval window, promoting fluid movement against the cochlea, and then onto the cochlear nerve and brain.
- The three semicircular canals and vestibule are important for balance and equilibrium.
Ear Disorders
- Otitis externa is inflammation of the external ear.
- Acute otitis media is an infection of the middle ear due to fluid causing pathogen growth, often associated with upper respiratory infections.
- Otosclerosis is an autosomal-dominant condition, which is the most common cause of chronic, progressive, conductive hearing loss.
- Conductive hearing loss is localized to the outer or middle ear, and may be temporary or permanent.
- Sensorineural hearing loss is often permanent, resulting from disease, trauma, or genetic inheritance of a defect in the cochlear nerve cells.
- Ménière disease is a condition associated with severe vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss, and tinnitus, related to overproduction or decreased absorption of endolymph.
- Otitis media with effusion is fluid in the middle ear, trapped by obstruction in the eustachian tube, not associated with infection or inflammation.
Other Conditions
- Fibromyalgia is a condition characterized by depression, anxiety, disordered sleep, stiffness, and pain in the neck, shoulders, upper back, and hips, and fatigue due to nonrestorative sleep.
- Cognitive–behavioral therapy, coupled with stress reduction methods and medication to promote sleep, are the most effective treatment regimens for fibromyalgia.
- Meningitis is a condition that may stem from untreated otitis media (infection of the middle ear).
- Migraine is a condition characterized by moderate to severe headache, nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light.
Macular Degeneration
- Macular degeneration is an eye condition resulting in distortion or loss of central vision, with contributing factors including aging, inflammation, injury, and infection.
- There are two forms of macular degeneration: dry (atrophic) with drusen deposition and slow progression of symptoms, and wet (exudative) with choroidal neovascularization, rapid/severe vision loss, and dark central spot.
Glaucoma
- Glaucoma is vision loss due to optic nerve damage, and has three categories: primary open angle, angle closure, and normal tension.
- The patho for angle closure glaucoma is rapid IOP from blocked aqueous humor drainage.
- The patho for normal tension glaucoma is poor blood flow to the optic nerve.
- The patho for primary open angle glaucoma is clogged trabecular network where the iris and cornea meet, as well as impaired aqueous humor draining, leading to ICP.
Retinopathy of Prematurity
- Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is caused by impaired development of retinal blood vessels, and has two phases: arrested growth in phase one, and unregulated growth in phase two.
- Hemorrhage and scarring also promote retinal detachment.
Test your knowledge about mechanoreceptors, which are receptors responsible for tactile skin sensation, deep-tissue sensation, proprioception, and hearing. Learn about examples such as Merkel cells, ruffini endings, Pacinian corpuscles, and free nerve endings, as well as how mechanical forces affect membrane permeability.
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