124 Questions
Which scientific technique did Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins use to study DNA's molecular structure?
X-ray diffraction
Who proposed the double helix model of DNA in 1953?
Francis Crick
What are the components of a nucleotide in DNA?
Phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar molecule, nitrogenous base
How are the two strands of DNA held together?
Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases
What is the primary function of DNA?
Storage and transmission of genetic information
What process involves transcribing DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA) and translating mRNA into proteins?
Protein synthesis
Where does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
S phase
What enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?
Helicase
Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing a short RNA primer during DNA replication?
Primase
During DNA replication, which direction do DNA polymerase enzymes add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?
5' to 3'
What is the main function of ligase enzymes during DNA replication?
Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand
Why is DNA replication essential for cell growth and division?
To maintain genetic integrity and continuity
What is the significance of mutations that may occur during DNA replication?
They contribute to genetic diversity within populations
In DNA profiling, what does a match between bands from an unknown sample and a known reference sample suggest?
The samples are from the same source
Why should interpretation of DNA profiles be approached cautiously?
Due to potential errors, variations in profiling methods, and non-unique DNA regions
What is the primary role of RNA?
Converting genetic information from DNA into proteins
Where is messenger RNA (mRNA) formed?
In the nucleus
Which type of RNA is responsible for transporting amino acids to the ribosome?
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
What is the structure of RNA compared to DNA?
RNA is single-stranded unlike DNA
Which type of RNA plays a critical role in assembling amino acids into proteins?
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
What is the main function of transfer RNA (tRNA)?
Transporting amino acids to the ribosome
Where are ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules primarily located?
In the cytoplasm
Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?
Uracil (U)
What is the first stage of protein synthesis?
Transcription
What occurs during the DNA unwinding process in transcription?
DNA double helix unwinds
In transcription, which nucleotide pairs with adenine on the DNA template strand?
Uracil
What happens during translation?
Protein is released from the ribosome
Which molecule carries specific amino acids and has an anticodon during translation?
tRNA
What occurs when a tRNA's anticodon matches a codon on the mRNA during translation?
tRNA binds to mRNA at the ribosome
What is the outcome of translation when the ribosome reaches a stop codon?
Termination of protein synthesis
Why is the coordination between DNA and RNA essential in protein synthesis?
To accurately translate genetic information into functional proteins
Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus
Which organelle contains DNA that is essential for photosynthesis in plants?
Chloroplasts
What is the main role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?
Producing energy
Which structure organizes and compacts DNA within the cell nucleus?
Histones
What is the function of nuclear DNA in eukaryotic cells?
Carrying genetic information
In addition to the nucleus, where else can DNA be found in cells?
Mitochondria
Which type of DNA is inherited maternally?
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
What is the primary location of DNA in eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus
Which organelle contains DNA essential for photosynthesis in plants?
Chloroplasts
What is the main function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?
Energy Production
Which of the following is responsible for compacting DNA within the cell nucleus?
Histones
What is the function of chloroplast DNA in plants?
Photosynthesis
Where is DNA also found aside from the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondria
What is the location of mitochondrial DNA inheritance?
Maternal Inheritance
What is the role of primase in DNA replication?
Synthesizing a short RNA primer
During DNA replication, what happens in the termination phase?
Ligase enzymes join Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand
Why is DNA replication significant for genetic diversity within populations?
It contributes to evolution by creating genetic variation
Which enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand during DNA replication?
DNA polymerase
What is the function of ligase enzymes in DNA replication?
Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand
How does DNA profiling help in individual identification?
Generating distinctive patterns of lines based on unique DNA characteristics
Why should interpretation of DNA profiles be approached cautiously?
Because of human errors and variations in profiling methods
What is the significance of proofreading abilities in DNA polymerases during replication?
To minimize mutations by correcting errors in base pairing
What is the primary role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in a cell?
Facilitating the assembly of amino acids into proteins
Where is transfer RNA (tRNA) primarily found in a cell?
Cytoplasm
What does messenger RNA (mRNA) carry from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?
Genetic code
What does DNA profiling help in during mass casualty events?
Identifying deceased individuals
Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?
Uracil
What is the main function of DNA profiling in forensic investigations?
Matching samples from crime scenes with suspects
What is the primary role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?
Acting as a template for protein synthesis
What is a significant factor that requires careful consideration in the application of DNA profiling?
Privacy concerns and misinterpretation issues
What is the function of the tRNA anticodon during translation?
To pair with the mRNA codon
What happens when a ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA during translation?
Termination of protein synthesis
During transcription, what is the role of the mRNA formed?
To carry genetic information from DNA to protein synthesis
In DNA transcription, what occurs during DNA unwinding?
Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases break
What is the significance of the template strand during transcription?
Acts as a guide for mRNA synthesis
Which organelle does translation primarily occur in?
Cytoplasm
What is the role of tRNA in translation?
Carrying specific amino acids and binding to mRNA
What occurs during elongation in translation?
(a) and (c)
What is the primary function of DNA in living organisms?
Storing and transmitting genetic information
What is the sequence of nitrogenous bases along the DNA strand responsible for?
Encoding genetic information
During DNA replication, what is the role of hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases?
Holding the two DNA strands together
Which event occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?
DNA replication
What is the critical function of transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis?
Carrying amino acids to the ribosome
Which pairing of nitrogenous bases is characteristic of DNA molecules?
Adenine with thymine and guanine with cytosine
What does the double helix structure of DNA primarily facilitate?
Accurate DNA replication
What is the overarching significance of Watson and Crick's double helix model discovery in 1953?
Illuminating DNA's structure and replication mechanism
What happens during the elongation phase of translation?
Peptide bonds form between amino acids
Which molecule carries specific amino acids and has an anticodon during translation?
tRNA
What is the function of the template strand during transcription?
Acts as a template for mRNA synthesis
Which event signifies the end of protein synthesis during translation?
Ribosome reaches a stop codon
What is the role of DNA in protein synthesis?
Encodes information for mRNA formation
During transcription, what pairs with uracil on the DNA template strand?
Adenine
Where does mRNA exit after being formed in transcription?
Nucleus
What is the primary function of tRNA molecules during translation?
Carry amino acids and have an anticodon
What is the role of primase in DNA replication?
Synthesizing a short RNA primer
What is the primary function of helicases in DNA replication?
Breaking hydrogen bonds between complementary bases
During DNA replication, what is the primary role of ligase enzymes?
Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand
What is the significance of DNA replication for genetic diversity within populations?
Introducing errors that contribute to genetic diversity
What is the crucial function of DNA polymerases during replication?
Adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand
How do ligase enzymes contribute to DNA replication?
Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand
Why is interpretation of DNA profiles cautioned against?
Due to differences in profiling methods between laboratories
'Proofreading abilities' in DNA polymerases primarily serve which purpose during replication?
To promote genetic stability and fidelity
What was the primary contribution of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins to the study of DNA?
Utilizing X-ray diffraction to study DNA's molecular structure
What is the sequence of nitrogenous bases along the DNA strand responsible for?
Encoding genetic information
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
Interphase
What is the primary function of ligase enzymes during DNA replication?
Joining Okazaki fragments
Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus
What is the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?
Plays a critical role in energy production
Which cellular organelle contains DNA essential for photosynthesis in plants?
Chloroplast
What is the function of histones in relation to DNA?
Compact and organize DNA within the nucleus
Which nucleic acid is primarily responsible for the genetic blueprint of life?
DNA
What is the primary function of nuclear DNA in eukaryotic cells?
Hereditary characteristics and physiological functions
In addition to the nucleus, where else can DNA be found in eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondria
What is the primary role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?
Energy production within the cell
What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA) within a cell?
Facilitating translation of DNA into proteins
Which of the following nitrogenous bases is NOT found in RNA molecules?
Thymine (T)
In protein synthesis, what is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
Plays a structural role in ribosomes
Where is tRNA primarily involved in transporting amino acids during protein synthesis?
In the cellular cytoplasm
What distinguishes the nucleotide composition of RNA from that of DNA?
DNA nucleotides contain uracil as a base
What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis?
Delivering amino acids to the ribosome
Distinguish between messenger RNA (mRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) based on their locations within a cell.
mRNA is found in the nucleus while rRNA is in the cytoplasm
How does RNA differ structurally from DNA?
'RNA forms a double helix, and DNA does not'
During transcription, what is the role of the mRNA molecule?
Transfers information from DNA to synthesize a protein
What is the function of tRNA during translation?
Carries specific amino acids and pairs them with mRNA codons
Which molecule carries out DNA unwinding during transcription?
Helicase
What is the primary function of the ribosome during translation?
Decodes mRNA to synthesize proteins
Which organelle does translation primarily take place in?
Endoplasmic reticulum
What occurs when the ribosome encounters a stop codon on the mRNA during translation?
Signifies the end of protein synthesis
Which type of RNA carries the genetic information from DNA to synthesize proteins?
mRNA
What is the primary difference between DNA and RNA in terms of nucleotide composition?
Different sugar backbone structure
What is the function of DNA polymerase during transcription?
Synthesizes RNA primer for DNA replication
Which process ensures accurate translation of genetic information into functional proteins?
Transcription and translation
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