CH 1: DNA: The Code of Life
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Questions and Answers

Which scientific technique did Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins use to study DNA's molecular structure?

  • PCR amplification
  • Chromatography
  • Electron microscopy
  • X-ray diffraction (correct)

    • Who proposed the double helix model of DNA in 1953?

  • Rosalind Franklin
  • James Watson
  • Maurice Wilkins
  • Francis Crick (correct)

    • What are the components of a nucleotide in DNA?

  • Phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar molecule, nitrogenous base (correct)
  • Phosphate group, lipid molecule, guanine base
  • Phosphate group, ribose sugar molecule, adenine base
  • Phosphate group, sugar molecule, uracil base

    • How are the two strands of DNA held together?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA?

    <p>Storage and transmission of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves transcribing DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA) and translating mRNA into proteins?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing a short RNA primer during DNA replication?

    <p>Primase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, which direction do DNA polymerase enzymes add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of ligase enzymes during DNA replication?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is DNA replication essential for cell growth and division?

    <p>To maintain genetic integrity and continuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of mutations that may occur during DNA replication?

    <p>They contribute to genetic diversity within populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA profiling, what does a match between bands from an unknown sample and a known reference sample suggest?

    <p>The samples are from the same source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should interpretation of DNA profiles be approached cautiously?

    <p>Due to potential errors, variations in profiling methods, and non-unique DNA regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of RNA?

    <p>Converting genetic information from DNA into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is messenger RNA (mRNA) formed?

    <p>In the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA is responsible for transporting amino acids to the ribosome?

    <p>Transfer RNA (tRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of RNA compared to DNA?

    <p>RNA is single-stranded unlike DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA plays a critical role in assembling amino acids into proteins?

    <p>Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of transfer RNA (tRNA)?

    <p>Transporting amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules primarily located?

    <p>In the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil (U)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of protein synthesis?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the DNA unwinding process in transcription?

    <p>DNA double helix unwinds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In transcription, which nucleotide pairs with adenine on the DNA template strand?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during translation?

    <p>Protein is released from the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule carries specific amino acids and has an anticodon during translation?

    <p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a tRNA's anticodon matches a codon on the mRNA during translation?

    <p>tRNA binds to mRNA at the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of translation when the ribosome reaches a stop codon?

    <p>Termination of protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the coordination between DNA and RNA essential in protein synthesis?

    <p>To accurately translate genetic information into functional proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle contains DNA that is essential for photosynthesis in plants?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

    <p>Producing energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure organizes and compacts DNA within the cell nucleus?

    <p>Histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of nuclear DNA in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Carrying genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to the nucleus, where else can DNA be found in cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of DNA is inherited maternally?

    <p>Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location of DNA in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle contains DNA essential for photosynthesis in plants?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

    <p>Energy Production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for compacting DNA within the cell nucleus?

    <p>Histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA also found aside from the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of mitochondrial DNA inheritance?

    <p>Maternal Inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizing a short RNA primer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, what happens in the termination phase?

    <p>Ligase enzymes join Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is DNA replication significant for genetic diversity within populations?

    <p>It contributes to evolution by creating genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand during DNA replication?

    <p>DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DNA profiling help in individual identification?

    <p>Generating distinctive patterns of lines based on unique DNA characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should interpretation of DNA profiles be approached cautiously?

    <p>Because of human errors and variations in profiling methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of proofreading abilities in DNA polymerases during replication?

    <p>To minimize mutations by correcting errors in base pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in a cell?

    <p>Facilitating the assembly of amino acids into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is transfer RNA (tRNA) primarily found in a cell?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does messenger RNA (mRNA) carry from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?

    <p>Genetic code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does DNA profiling help in during mass casualty events?

    <p>Identifying deceased individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of DNA profiling in forensic investigations?

    <p>Matching samples from crime scenes with suspects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Acting as a template for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor that requires careful consideration in the application of DNA profiling?

    <p>Privacy concerns and misinterpretation issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tRNA anticodon during translation?

    <p>To pair with the mRNA codon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA during translation?

    <p>Termination of protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription, what is the role of the mRNA formed?

    <p>To carry genetic information from DNA to protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA transcription, what occurs during DNA unwinding?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases break</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the template strand during transcription?

    <p>Acts as a guide for mRNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle does translation primarily occur in?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tRNA in translation?

    <p>Carrying specific amino acids and binding to mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during elongation in translation?

    <p>(a) and (c)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA in living organisms?

    <p>Storing and transmitting genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of nitrogenous bases along the DNA strand responsible for?

    <p>Encoding genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, what is the role of hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases?

    <p>Holding the two DNA strands together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?

    <p>DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical function of transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pairing of nitrogenous bases is characteristic of DNA molecules?

    <p>Adenine with thymine and guanine with cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the double helix structure of DNA primarily facilitate?

    <p>Accurate DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overarching significance of Watson and Crick's double helix model discovery in 1953?

    <p>Illuminating DNA's structure and replication mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the elongation phase of translation?

    <p>Peptide bonds form between amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule carries specific amino acids and has an anticodon during translation?

    <p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the template strand during transcription?

    <p>Acts as a template for mRNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event signifies the end of protein synthesis during translation?

    <p>Ribosome reaches a stop codon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of DNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>Encodes information for mRNA formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription, what pairs with uracil on the DNA template strand?

    <p>Adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does mRNA exit after being formed in transcription?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of tRNA molecules during translation?

    <p>Carry amino acids and have an anticodon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizing a short RNA primer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of helicases in DNA replication?

    <p>Breaking hydrogen bonds between complementary bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, what is the primary role of ligase enzymes?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of DNA replication for genetic diversity within populations?

    <p>Introducing errors that contribute to genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the crucial function of DNA polymerases during replication?

    <p>Adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ligase enzymes contribute to DNA replication?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is interpretation of DNA profiles cautioned against?

    <p>Due to differences in profiling methods between laboratories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Proofreading abilities' in DNA polymerases primarily serve which purpose during replication?

    <p>To promote genetic stability and fidelity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary contribution of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins to the study of DNA?

    <p>Utilizing X-ray diffraction to study DNA's molecular structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of nitrogenous bases along the DNA strand responsible for?

    <p>Encoding genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ligase enzymes during DNA replication?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

    <p>Plays a critical role in energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular organelle contains DNA essential for photosynthesis in plants?

    <p>Chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of histones in relation to DNA?

    <p>Compact and organize DNA within the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleic acid is primarily responsible for the genetic blueprint of life?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nuclear DNA in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Hereditary characteristics and physiological functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to the nucleus, where else can DNA be found in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

    <p>Energy production within the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA) within a cell?

    <p>Facilitating translation of DNA into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nitrogenous bases is NOT found in RNA molecules?

    <p>Thymine (T)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In protein synthesis, what is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

    <p>Plays a structural role in ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is tRNA primarily involved in transporting amino acids during protein synthesis?

    <p>In the cellular cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the nucleotide composition of RNA from that of DNA?

    <p>DNA nucleotides contain uracil as a base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis?

    <p>Delivering amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Distinguish between messenger RNA (mRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) based on their locations within a cell.

    <p>mRNA is found in the nucleus while rRNA is in the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does RNA differ structurally from DNA?

    <p>'RNA forms a double helix, and DNA does not'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription, what is the role of the mRNA molecule?

    <p>Transfers information from DNA to synthesize a protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tRNA during translation?

    <p>Carries specific amino acids and pairs them with mRNA codons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule carries out DNA unwinding during transcription?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ribosome during translation?

    <p>Decodes mRNA to synthesize proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle does translation primarily take place in?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the ribosome encounters a stop codon on the mRNA during translation?

    <p>Signifies the end of protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA carries the genetic information from DNA to synthesize proteins?

    <p>mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between DNA and RNA in terms of nucleotide composition?

    <p>Different sugar backbone structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA polymerase during transcription?

    <p>Synthesizes RNA primer for DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process ensures accurate translation of genetic information into functional proteins?

    <p>Transcription and translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

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