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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of longitudinal waves?
What is the primary characteristic of longitudinal waves?
Which of the following best defines potential difference in an electrical circuit?
Which of the following best defines potential difference in an electrical circuit?
In a series circuit, what is a key characteristic?
In a series circuit, what is a key characteristic?
What does the period of a wave represent?
What does the period of a wave represent?
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Which phenomenon occurs when a wave spreads out after passing through an opening?
Which phenomenon occurs when a wave spreads out after passing through an opening?
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Which statement about the laws of reflection is accurate?
Which statement about the laws of reflection is accurate?
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What does the atomic number of an element represent?
What does the atomic number of an element represent?
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What is the formula for calculating electrical power in a circuit?
What is the formula for calculating electrical power in a circuit?
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Which statement accurately defines displacement?
Which statement accurately defines displacement?
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What does Newton's second law of motion state?
What does Newton's second law of motion state?
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What is the primary difference between speed and velocity?
What is the primary difference between speed and velocity?
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What is the formula for calculating weight?
What is the formula for calculating weight?
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Which of the following accurately describes thermal conduction?
Which of the following accurately describes thermal conduction?
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Which equation relates velocity, initial velocity, acceleration, and time?
Which equation relates velocity, initial velocity, acceleration, and time?
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What does latent heat of vaporization refer to?
What does latent heat of vaporization refer to?
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In terms of momentum, what does the conservation of momentum state?
In terms of momentum, what does the conservation of momentum state?
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Study Notes
Mechanics
- Scalars are quantities that only have magnitude (e.g., speed, distance, mass).
- Vectors are quantities that have both magnitude and direction (e.g., velocity, displacement, force).
- Distance is the total path length covered by an object.
- Displacement is the straight-line distance between the starting and ending points of an object's motion.
- Speed is the rate of change of distance.
- Velocity is the rate of change of displacement.
- Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
- Equations of motion relate displacement, time, speed, velocity, and acceleration for uniformly accelerated motion. The core equations include:
- v = u + at
- s = ut + 1/2at²
- v² = u² + 2as
- s = (v+u)/2 * t
- Forces cause objects to accelerate. Force is measured in Newtons (N).
- Newton's first law of motion states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by a resultant force.
- Newton's second law of motion states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the resultant force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. (F = ma)
- Newton's third law of motion states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
- Weight is the force of gravity acting on an object. Weight = mass × gravitational field strength (w = mg).
- Momentum is the product of an object's mass and velocity (p = mv).
- Conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of a system remains constant if no external forces act on it.
Thermal Physics
- Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.
- Heat is the energy transferred from one object to another because of a difference in temperature.
- Specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the substance by 1°C.
- Latent heat is the energy required to change the state of a substance without changing its temperature. Latent heat of fusion is for melting or freezing, and latent heat of vaporization is for boiling or condensing.
- Conduction, convection, and radiation are three methods of heat transfer.
- Conduction involves the transfer of heat through a material by the particles vibrating and colliding.
- Convection involves the transfer of heat through a fluid (liquid or gas) by the movement of the fluid itself.
- Radiation is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves.
Waves
- Waves transfer energy without transferring matter.
- Transverse waves have oscillations perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer.
- Longitudinal waves have oscillations parallel to the direction of energy transfer.
- Wave properties include:
- Amplitude: height of the wave.
- Wavelength: distance between two corresponding points on a wave.
- Frequency: number of waves passing a point per unit time.
- Period: time taken for one complete wave to pass a point.
- Speed: how fast the wave travels. (speed = frequency × wavelength)
- Reflection, refraction, and diffraction are wave phenomena.
- Reflection occurs when a wave bounces off a surface.
- Refraction occurs when a wave changes speed and direction as it passes from one medium to another.
- Diffraction occurs when a wave spreads out as it passes through an opening or around an obstacle.
Electricity
- Current is the rate of flow of charge. ( I = Q/t).
- Potential difference (voltage) is the energy transferred per unit charge. (V = W/Q).
- Resistance opposes the flow of current. (V = IR).
- Series circuits have components connected in a single loop.
- Parallel circuits have components connected across multiple branches.
- Electrical power is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred. (P = IV)
- Circuits use components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes to create a path for current flow.
Light
- Reflection of light occurs when light bounces off a surface.
- Refraction of light occurs when light changes speed and direction as it passes from one medium to another.
- Laws of reflection state that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
Atomic Structure
- Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Protons have a positive charge.
- Neutrons have no charge.
- Electrons have a negative charge.
- Atomic number represents the number of protons in an atom.
- Mass number represents the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
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Description
Test your understanding of key concepts in mechanics, focusing on scalars and vectors. Dive into topics such as distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. Challenge yourself with equations of motion and Newton's laws to solidify your knowledge.
