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Questions and Answers
During stable equilibrium, the Centre of Gravity (COG) is ideally at:
During stable equilibrium, the Centre of Gravity (COG) is ideally at:
What happens to the Centre of Gravity (COG) in unstable equilibrium?
What happens to the Centre of Gravity (COG) in unstable equilibrium?
What is the effect of raising the Centre of Gravity (COG) on equilibrium?
What is the effect of raising the Centre of Gravity (COG) on equilibrium?
What is the ideal position of the Line of Gravity (LOG) for stable equilibrium?
What is the ideal position of the Line of Gravity (LOG) for stable equilibrium?
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What is the relation between the Centre of Gravity (COG) and stability in the human body?
What is the relation between the Centre of Gravity (COG) and stability in the human body?
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What is the primary reason for adjusting the position of areas during movement?
What is the primary reason for adjusting the position of areas during movement?
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What is the term for the rate of change of velocity?
What is the term for the rate of change of velocity?
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What is the unit of power?
What is the unit of power?
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What is the term for the capacity of a body to do work?
What is the term for the capacity of a body to do work?
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What is the result of a decrease in speed of repetitive movements?
What is the result of a decrease in speed of repetitive movements?
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Study Notes
Equilibrium
- Equilibrium: when forces acting on a body are perfectly balanced, and the body remains at rest or in uniform motion.
- Types of equilibrium: stable, unstable, and neutral.
Stable Equilibrium
- Condition where forces tend to restore the body to its original position after displacement.
- Characteristics:
- Centre of gravity (COG) is as low as possible.
- Line of gravity (LOG) falls near the centre of the extensive base.
- Example: most stable in lying position.
Unstable Equilibrium
- Condition where forces increase the initial displacement, regardless of its size.
- Characteristics:
- COG is as high as possible.
- Small base.
- Example: toe standing.
Neutral Equilibrium
- Condition where the height and position of COG remain the same despite displacement.
- Example: a ball moving on a plane surface.
Stability of Human Body
- Greatest stability: lying position.
- Stability decreases as COG is raised and base is reduced (e.g., sitting and standing positions).
Fixation and Stabilization
- Fixation: state of immobility.
- Types of fixation:
- Active fixation: obtained by co-contraction of muscles.
- Passive fixation: by manual or mechanical means (e.g., manual pressure, straps, sandbags).
- Importance of fixation:
- Prevents movements in joints.
- Improves muscle efficiency by fixing their origin.
- Localizes movement in performance of passive movements.
Stabilization
- Suitable background for activity by stabilizing areas not required to take part in movement.
- Adjustments may be needed during movement to increase efficiency or maintain balance.
Speed
- Definition: rate at which a body moves, disregarding direction.
- Types:
- Uniform speed.
- Variable speed.
- Speed for relaxed passive movements: slow and uniform.
- Speed of active exercises:
- Natural speed.
- Reduced speed (increases muscular effort and control).
- Increased speed.
Velocity
- Incorporates rate of motion, direction, and change in speed or direction.
- Example: an aeroplane travels 1000 kilometers per hour in an easterly direction.
Work, Energy, and Power
- Work: product of force and distance (unit: joules or ergs).
- Energy: capacity to do work (types: potential, kinetic).
- Power: rate of doing work or energy expenditure (unit: joules per second).
Acceleration and Momentum
- Acceleration: rate of change of velocity.
- Momentum: quantity of motion a body possesses (product of mass and velocity).
- Inertia: resistance to change in state of rest or motion.
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Description
Understand the concept of equilibrium, its types, and the conditions for stable equilibrium, including the importance of Centre of Gravity (COG) and Low Centre of Gravity (LO).
