PSYCHOPHARM EXAM 1

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the distinction between therapeutic and pharmacologic classifications of drugs?

Therapeutic classifications focus on abuse potential, while pharmacologic classifications focus on medical uses.
Therapeutic classifications are based on legal schedules, while pharmacologic classifications are based on research findings.
Therapeutic classifications apply only to psychoactive drugs, while pharmacologic classifications apply to all drugs.
Therapeutic classifications group drugs by outcome, while pharmacologic classifications group drugs by biological mechanisms. (correct)

A substance that alters the physiology of the body and is considered a nutrient is classified as a drug.

False (B)

What is the primary difference between a psychoactive and a non-psychoactive substance?

Psychoactive substances affect the nervous system to alter mood, perception, or consciousness, while non-psychoactive substances do not have these effects.

________ are substances that distort perception and can cause hallucinations, primarily through effects on serotonin and glutamate.

Hallucinogens Signup and view all the answers

Match the following drug schedules with their abuse potential and medical use:

Schedule 1 = High abuse potential, no accepted medical use Schedule 2 = High abuse potential, accepted medical use Schedule 3 = Moderate abuse potential, accepted medical use Schedule 4 = Low abuse potential, accepted medical use Signup and view all the answers

Which class of psychoactive drugs mimics endocannabinoids or interacts with the endocannabinoid system?

Cannabinoids (B) Signup and view all the answers

Supplements are required to undergo rigorous FDA testing to substantiate their safety before being marketed.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of sedative-hypnotics on the central nervous system (CNS)?

Sedative-hypnotics slow down or depress the activity of the central nervous system. Signup and view all the answers

In an experimental study, what differentiates a true independent variable from a quasi-independent variable?

A true independent variable can be randomly assigned, while a quasi-independent variable cannot. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Epidemiological studies focus on individual-level drug effects rather than population-level trends.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Briefly explain how stereotype threat can influence an individual's behavior or cognitions.

Stereotype threat occurs when an individual is at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their social group, which can lead to anxiety and impaired performance. Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with an unconditioned stimulus, eventually triggers a conditioned response is called a ______.

conditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditioning effects with their descriptions:

Placebo effect = A beneficial effect caused by a person's belief in a treatment, even if it's inert. Nacebo effect = A negative effect caused by a person's belief that something will harm them, even if it's inert. Tolerance = The diminishing effect of a drug after repeated use, requiring larger doses to produce the same effect. Withdrawal = The set of symptoms that occur when a person stops using a substance they are dependent on. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes negative reinforcement in operant conditioning?

Subtracting an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Continuous reinforcement leads to slower acquisition and greater resistance to extinction compared to intermittent reinforcement.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of understanding drug effects, which level of analysis considers the impact of societal norms and cultural beliefs?

Social systems (D) Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between associative and non-associative learning, providing an example of each.

Associative learning involves forming connections between stimuli or events (e.g., classical conditioning). Non-associative learning involves changes in response to a single stimulus (e.g., habituation). Signup and view all the answers

The antecedent-behavior-consequence (A-B-C) model is a framework used in understanding ______.

operant conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the four primary biological processes that determine the bioavailability of a drug?

Ingestion (D) Signup and view all the answers

Lipophilic compounds readily pass through the blood-brain barrier due to its composition.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process where a drug is metabolized by the liver or gut wall before it reaches systemic circulation?

First-pass metabolism Signup and view all the answers

The time needed for drug blood plasma levels to reduce by 50% is known as its ________.

half-life Signup and view all the answers

Match the following routes of drug administration with their characteristics:

Oral Administration = Most common route; lipid solubility crucial for absorption. Inhalation = Rapid absorption via smoking or huffing. Intravenous Injection = Directly into the bloodstream, bypassing absorption barriers. Transdermal Patches = Administration through the skin for slow, sustained release. Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the brain's reward system, also known as the mesolimbic pathway?

Dopamine (C) Signup and view all the answers

Drug tolerance always involves a decrease in the number of receptors in the brain.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which the body attempts to counteract the effects of a drug in preparation for its arrival, often based on contextual cues?

Compensatory Effects Signup and view all the answers

________ tolerance occurs when repeated exposure to a drug increases the number of enzymes that metabolize the drug.

Metabolic Signup and view all the answers

Which factor would LEAST affect drug distribution throughout the body?

Shoe Size (B) Signup and view all the answers

All drugs have naturally occurring limits to their reinforcing abilities, similar to food consumption or sexual behavior.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What two barriers must drugs cross to affect the brain and a fetus, respectively?

Blood-brain barrier and placental barrier Signup and view all the answers

In the context of tolerance, a dose-response curve that shifts to the ________ indicates that tolerance has developed.

Right Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a hybrid drug that affects multiple primary systems?

MDMA (B) Signup and view all the answers

Sensitization refers to ________ responsiveness to a drug with repeated exposure.

enhanced Signup and view all the answers

Which of the subcortical structures acts as a relay center for the senses, excluding olfaction?

Thalamus (B) Signup and view all the answers

Sensitization, a form of non-associative learning, involves a decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated exposure.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glial cells in the nervous system?

support neurons Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the nervous system, the term 'fight or flight' is associated with the ________ nervous system.

sympathetic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of vesicles in neurotransmission?

Storing neurotransmitters before their release. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the 'all or none law', the strength of an action potential diminishes as it travels down the axon.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Define 'delay discounting' in the context of reinforcement.

preference for immediate reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

An antagonist is a substance that binds to a receptor site and has what effect?

blocks neurotransmitter effects Signup and view all the answers

Match each brain lobe with its primary function:

Parietal = Senses Occipital = Vision Temporal = Audition Frontal = Executive Control Signup and view all the answers

In behavioral economics, what does 'spending' behavior refer to?

Allocation of behavior to gain access to reinforcers. (A) Signup and view all the answers

The somatic nervous system is responsible for involuntary movements.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enzymes in neurotransmitter function?

facilitate synthesis Signup and view all the answers

The ________ is the space between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another, where neurotransmitters are released.

synapse Signup and view all the answers

If a drug reduces the reuptake of a neurotransmitter, what is the likely effect on the postsynaptic cell?

It will increase the amount of neurotransmitter available in the synapse. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is MOST implicated in the experience of reinforcement?

Dopamine (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Therapeutic Index (TI)?

LD50/ED50 (D) Signup and view all the answers

A drug with a lower ED50 is considered less potent than a drug with a higher ED50.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between a 'drug' and a 'toxin'?

Drugs have advantageous effects, toxins do not. Signup and view all the answers

Symptoms of drug withdrawal are typically the ______ of the drug's action.

opposite Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to the dose-response relationship with their definitions:

ED50 = The dose at which a drug produces a desired effect in 50% of subjects. LD50 = The dose at which a drug is lethal to 50% of subjects. ED99 = The dose at which a drug produces a desired effect in 99% of subjects. LD1 = The dose at which a drug is lethal to 1% of subjects. Signup and view all the answers

Social learning models suggest that drug use is established through which of the following processes?

Imitation of peer-modeled drug use and social reinforcement. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Distal social factors are immediately present at the time of drug use.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does CPP stand for, and what does it measure?

Conditioned Place Preference; measures positive affective states produced by a stimulus (often a drug). Signup and view all the answers

In the context of drug self-administration, the drug acts as a ______.

reinforcer Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions related to social influence on drug use:

Imitation and modeling = Repeating a novel behavior for which there is no instinctive drive. Social reinforcement = Attention, praise, and nonverbal gestures from one individual to another. Social facilitation = Presence of a social partner increases arousal and activity/contact with environmental contingencies. Local enhancement = Experience drug users draw attention to place and locales in which drug use is likely to be rewarded Signup and view all the answers

How does social contact influence drug-seeking behavior, according to the conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure?

Drug use is more rewarding in the presence of peers. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to research on social contact and drug-taking behavior, the mere presence of a peer is the critical factor in determining how social housing determines drug self-administration.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does 'stimulus enhancement' relate to drug use?

Drugs and stimuli associated with their use acquire increased salience and induce subjective states of craving. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of social contact and drug use, 'emulation' refers to learning operant contingencies by observing others, but developing ______ behavioral strategies to produce similar consequences.

novel Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of 'goal emulation' in the context of drug use?

An individual observes the actions of a demonstrator and uses a different sequence of responses to produce the same result. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Psychopharmacology

Study of substances that affect the mind and behavior.

Drug

Any substance altering body physiology, excluding food or nutrients.