20 Questions
What is the most common measure of cost-effectiveness in health economic evaluations?
Cost per unit of quality adjusted life-years (QALY)
What does a QALY value of 1 represent?
A year lived with full value
How are quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) determined?
By directly eliciting health state utility
What does health state utility measure in relation to disease?
Patient's preference for a particular health state
What is a limitation of health state utilities?
They have not been measured for every disease
How is cost-effectiveness defined?
By dividing the net costs of the therapy by the net benefits of the therapy
What does it mean if a therapy is considered dominant?
It has both the lowest cost and the largest QALY gain
When is a therapy considered dominated?
When it has the highest cost and lowest QALY gain
How do thresholds for cost per QALY vary across different economies?
They are adjusted for inflation within any economy
What does an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) calculate?
The net costs of one therapy divided by the net benefits of another therapy
What is the purpose of using Markov-chain models in cost-effectiveness models?
To allow transitions between different health states
What does a state transition diagram help establish in cost-effectiveness models?
Potential health states and transition probabilities
Why is it important for a cost-effectiveness model to allow transitions between various health states?
To approximate real-life patient experiences more closely
What does the model enable someone to transition contextually in and out of over the time horizon being investigated?
Various health states
What is the purpose of a decision tree in health economic analysis?
To evaluate potential strategies and outcomes associated with each strategy
In health economic analysis, what is included in 'Table I'?
Specific probability and confidence interval for each individual outcome or cost
What is a preferred source for informing probabilities in health economic analysis?
Meta-analysis or other systematic review
How can uncertainty be dealt with when estimating inputs in health economic analysis?
By using probability distributions
What is a commonly used method for simulating outcomes in health economic analysis?
Monte-Carlo simulation
Why is it important to conduct stringent literature searches on outcomes of interest in health economic analysis?
To ensure robust estimates based on objective and comprehensive point estimates
This quiz covers the various ways in which cost-effectiveness is measured in health economic evaluations, with a focus on cost per quality adjusted life-year (QALY). It explores the concept of QALY and the considerations related to valuing healthy years of life over sick ones.
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