17 Questions
What is the mean of the original data set without outliers provided in the text?
3.05
After adding the outliers, what is the new mean of the data set?
3.95
What remains unchanged even after adding two outliers to the data set?
The median
Which measure of central tendency is highly affected by outliers?
Mean
In the context of the provided text, what is the appropriate measure of central tendency for nominal categorical variables?
Mode
For ordinal categorical variables, which measure of central tendency would be suitable?
Median
What measure should be used for continuous variables at an interval or ratio level in descriptive statistics?
Mean
Which type of variable is manipulated or measured and thought to influence the dependent variable in an experimental research design?
Independent variable
What is the term used for a variable that changes as a function of changes in a predictor variable in non-experimental research designs?
Outcome variable
Which term is often used interchangeably with 'dependent variable' in research designs outside of experimental research?
Criterion variable
In which type of research design are the terms Independent Variable (IV) and Dependent Variable (DV) most commonly used?
Experimental research design
What is the term used for a variable that thought to predict an outcome variable, also known as 'criterion variable'?
Predictor variable
In quantitative analysis, what do we mainly think of variables as, based on the text provided?
Independent or dependent
Which term is more appropriate for variables in non-experimental research designs according to some arguments presented in the text?
'Predictor Variable'
What influences how we can describe data, according to the text?
Level of measurement
How are variables broadly classified based on the text provided?
'Categorical' or 'Continuous'
Which type of variable can change or vary and is stored as numerical values in quantitative analysis?
Continuous variables
Study Notes
Measures of Central Tendency
- The mean is the average value, but it doesn't provide information about variability in the data.
- Mode is the most common value in a dataset.
- Median is the middle value in a dataset when it is arranged in order.
Variability
- Range is a measure of variability, calculated by subtracting the minimum value from the maximum value.
- Standard deviation (SD) measures the average amount values differ from the mean.
- SD is always used alongside the mean, and it provides information about the amount of variability in the data.
- A smaller SD indicates less variability, while a larger SD indicates more variability.
Descriptive Statistics
- Descriptive statistics are numbers that summarize the data.
- They include measures of central tendency, percentages, rates, and counts.
- Descriptive statistics help to understand the characteristics of the data.
Levels of Measurement
- Variables can be classified as categorical or continuous.
- Categorical variables can be further classified as nominal or ordinal.
- Continuous variables can be further classified as interval or ratio.
- The level of measurement influences how we can describe the data.
Types of Variables
- Independent variable (IV) is manipulated or measured to influence the dependent variable.
- Dependent variable (DV) is affected by changes in the independent variable.
- Predictor variable is thought to predict an outcome variable.
- Outcome variable changes as a function of changes in a predictor variable.
Research Design
- Experimental research designs manipulate variables to test their effect on other variables.
- Non-experimental research designs, such as survey-based research, use different terminology for variables.
Analysis of Data
- The mean can be affected by outliers, but the median is not.
- Different levels of measurement require different types of analysis.
- The choice of measure of central tendency depends on the level of measurement of the variable.
Test your understanding of measures of central tendency and variability such as mode, median, mean, and range. Learn how to calculate range and interpret variability in data sets.
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