Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of alkalinity in seawater?
What is the primary role of alkalinity in seawater?
- To stabilize pH by neutralizing acids and bases (correct)
- To increase the concentration of H+ ions
- To dictate the color of seawater
- To measure the temperature of the ocean
What happens when carbon dioxide levels in the ocean exceed its buffering capacity?
What happens when carbon dioxide levels in the ocean exceed its buffering capacity?
- The pH of the water increases
- Carbonate shells begin to dissolve (correct)
- Sea temperature decreases significantly
- The ocean becomes more alkaline
Which of the following best describes the buffering equation for pH in water?
Which of the following best describes the buffering equation for pH in water?
- It involves the reaction between water and carbon dioxide (correct)
- It generates energy for marine life
- It removes oxygen from the ocean
- It leads to an increase in temperature
What type of sediments are associated with moderate-energy waters such as beaches or rivers?
What type of sediments are associated with moderate-energy waters such as beaches or rivers?
What is the main cause of increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere?
What is the main cause of increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere?
What is the isobath interval?
What is the isobath interval?
What does an index isobath represent on a map?
What does an index isobath represent on a map?
How are isobaths spaced in relation to slope steepness?
How are isobaths spaced in relation to slope steepness?
Which of the following is true about isobaths?
Which of the following is true about isobaths?
If a map has an isobath interval of 20 feet, what does a 100-foot index isobath indicate?
If a map has an isobath interval of 20 feet, what does a 100-foot index isobath indicate?
Which type of rock is primarily formed from heat and pressure applied to existing rocks?
Which type of rock is primarily formed from heat and pressure applied to existing rocks?
What does a 20-feet isobath interval imply about the isobath lines on a map?
What does a 20-feet isobath interval imply about the isobath lines on a map?
Which statement correctly identifies the characteristic of isobath lines?
Which statement correctly identifies the characteristic of isobath lines?
What is the equivalent of 1 g/mL in terms of another density unit?
What is the equivalent of 1 g/mL in terms of another density unit?
How should you round a sum of 12.6 cm and 3 cm?
How should you round a sum of 12.6 cm and 3 cm?
What is the error margin acceptable for measuring salinity?
What is the error margin acceptable for measuring salinity?
How is the refractive index of liquids measured?
How is the refractive index of liquids measured?
What must be true about the precision of an instrument in relation to the measurement error?
What must be true about the precision of an instrument in relation to the measurement error?
What angle denotes the position when facing South in a clockwise measurement from North?
What angle denotes the position when facing South in a clockwise measurement from North?
If an oceanographer measures an angle with an error of +/- 2°, what is the range for an angle measurement of 100°?
If an oceanographer measures an angle with an error of +/- 2°, what is the range for an angle measurement of 100°?
If a thermometer reads 22.4°C but is precise only to the tenths place, what would be an appropriate error to report?
If a thermometer reads 22.4°C but is precise only to the tenths place, what would be an appropriate error to report?
Which of the following describes longitude?
Which of the following describes longitude?
Which step is NOT part of the unit conversion technique outlined?
Which step is NOT part of the unit conversion technique outlined?
When rounding a measurement, how should you determine the precision of your final answer?
When rounding a measurement, how should you determine the precision of your final answer?
What is the latitude of San Francisco?
What is the latitude of San Francisco?
What should you do if you have no error provided with a measurement?
What should you do if you have no error provided with a measurement?
What is the key reason for using conversion factors in unit conversion?
What is the key reason for using conversion factors in unit conversion?
How does measuring error generally relate to precision when dealing with human measurement?
How does measuring error generally relate to precision when dealing with human measurement?
When rounding a calculated result involving multiple measurements, what is the basic rule to follow?
When rounding a calculated result involving multiple measurements, what is the basic rule to follow?
Which of the following best describes the Prime Meridian?
Which of the following best describes the Prime Meridian?
What occurs at divergent plate boundaries?
What occurs at divergent plate boundaries?
Which type of plate boundary is associated with the formation of explosive volcanic eruptions?
Which type of plate boundary is associated with the formation of explosive volcanic eruptions?
What is the significance of the International Date Line?
What is the significance of the International Date Line?
Which statement about transform boundaries is correct?
Which statement about transform boundaries is correct?
In relation to latitude and longitude, which of the following formats is correct?
In relation to latitude and longitude, which of the following formats is correct?
Which feature is primarily formed by convergent boundaries?
Which feature is primarily formed by convergent boundaries?
What do isobaths on bathymetric charts represent?
What do isobaths on bathymetric charts represent?
Study Notes
Error, Precision, and Rounding
- All measurements are subject to error, and this error is represented by +/- the smallest graduation of the measuring device (precision).
- Error is assumed to be +/- 1/2 the measurement of the next number or decimal place, unless otherwise specified.
- Round answers to the same precision as the least precise measurement used in the calculation.
Unit Conversion
- Convert units by multiplying a fraction representing the original number by a conversion factor fraction.
- The conversion factor fraction should have the unit you want to cancel out in the denominator and the unit you want to end with in the numerator.
- Round answers to the same precision as the least precise measurement used in the calculation.
Reading a Refractometer
- Measures the refractive index of liquids, which is directly related to density and salinity.
- Salinity is measured in parts per thousand (‰) and has a precision of 1 ‰, with a minimum error of +/- 0.5 ‰.
- Density is measured in g/mL and has a precision of 0.001 g/mL, with a minimum error of +/- 0.0005 g/mL.
Angles & Compasses
- A circle is divided into 360 degrees (360°).
- Angles are measured clockwise from North (N) using a protractor.
- Always attach an error to your angle measurements (e.g., +/- 2°).
Latitude and Longitude
- A system of angular coordinates used to uniquely locate a point on Earth's surface.
- Latitude measures angular distance north or south of the Equator (X-axis).
- Longitude measures angular distance east or west of the Prime Meridian (Y-axis).
- The International Date Line (Antimeridian) is located at 180° longitude.
- Example format for latitude and longitude: 24.6° N, 56.2° W +/- 0.2°
Plate Boundaries
-
Divergent boundaries: plates move apart, creating new seafloor, shallow and weak earthquakes, volcanic seamounts, and lava flows.
-
Convergent boundaries: plates move towards each other, creating subduction zones (denser plate sinks) or continental collisions (tall mountain ranges).
-
Transform boundaries: plates slide past each other, generating earthquakes but no volcanoes, trenches, or new seafloor.
Bathymetric Maps & Isobaths
-
Bathymetric maps show depth to the ocean floor using lines connecting points of equal depth (isobaths).
-
Isobaths are like shorelines if sea level were to drop.
-
Isobath interval is the difference in depth between two isobaths.
-
Index isobaths are darker, thicker lines labeled with depth values, occurring at regular intervals.
Marine Rocks
- Sedimentary rocks: formed from pre-existing sediments (sand, mud, shells).
- Igneous rocks: formed from the cooling and solidification of molten rock (magma or lava).
- Metamorphic rocks: formed from existing rocks that have been transformed by heat and pressure.
Ocean Chemistry
- *pH scale: measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, ranging from 0 to 14 (7 is neutral).
- Buffering: seawater's ability to resist changes in pH due to the presence of dissolved ions like carbonates.
- Ocean Acidification: increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere lead to a decrease in oceanic pH, dissolving calcium carbonate structures like shells and coral reefs.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers key concepts in measurement precision, unit conversion, and the use of a refractometer. You'll learn about error representation, rounding methods, and how to accurately read and interpret refractive index measurements relevant to density and salinity. Test your understanding of these essential scientific principles.
