Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of infrequency scales in questionnaires?
What is the purpose of infrequency scales in questionnaires?
- To predict later psychological disturbance
- To measure personality traits such as conscientiousness
- To assess academic achievement, such as SAT scores
- To detect participants who answer items in a way that few people ever do (correct)
What type of responding involves attempting to appear better adjusted than one actually is?
What type of responding involves attempting to appear better adjusted than one actually is?
- Faking good (correct)
- Academic responding
- Faking bad
- Careless responding
According to NOFTLE & ROBINS, what was the focus of their research?
According to NOFTLE & ROBINS, what was the focus of their research?
- The prediction of psychological disturbance from personality traits
- The impact of careless responding on questionnaire results
- The relationship between personality and academic achievement (correct)
- The development of infrequency scales
At what level do changes or constancies affect different groups differently?
At what level do changes or constancies affect different groups differently?
What is the term for attempting to appear worse off or less adjusted than one actually is?
What is the term for attempting to appear worse off or less adjusted than one actually is?
What can be concluded about predictions made from personality traits?
What can be concluded about predictions made from personality traits?
What does the Debasement Index measure?
What does the Debasement Index measure?
What is a key predictor of SAT scores and GPA?
What is a key predictor of SAT scores and GPA?
What is the primary issue with the Myer Briggs type?
What is the primary issue with the Myer Briggs type?
What type of stability is characterized by an individual maintaining their rank order relative to others, but changing in their absolute level?
What type of stability is characterized by an individual maintaining their rank order relative to others, but changing in their absolute level?
What is a response set that involves agreeing with items regardless of content?
What is a response set that involves agreeing with items regardless of content?
What is social desirability in the context of personality psychology?
What is social desirability in the context of personality psychology?
During which stage of life do temperament variables show moderate levels of stability?
During which stage of life do temperament variables show moderate levels of stability?
How do researchers address the issue of social desirability in surveys?
How do researchers address the issue of social desirability in surveys?
What is the name of the index that measures an individual's tendency to present themselves in a socially attractive and morally virtuous light?
What is the name of the index that measures an individual's tendency to present themselves in a socially attractive and morally virtuous light?
At what stage of life do individuals tend to develop habits and produce behaviors that are comfortable for them?
At what stage of life do individuals tend to develop habits and produce behaviors that are comfortable for them?
What is an 'enduring' change in personality psychology?
What is an 'enduring' change in personality psychology?
What is the main issue with measuring individual differences in personality psychology?
What is the main issue with measuring individual differences in personality psychology?
What is internal change in the context of personality psychology?
What is internal change in the context of personality psychology?
Why is it important to address social desirability in personality psychology research?
Why is it important to address social desirability in personality psychology research?
What is the goal of measuring individual differences in personality psychology?
What is the goal of measuring individual differences in personality psychology?
What is a forced-choice format in the context of personality psychology research?
What is a forced-choice format in the context of personality psychology research?
What happens to sensation seeking behavior across the lifespan?
What happens to sensation seeking behavior across the lifespan?
What is the trend for femininity across the lifespan?
What is the trend for femininity across the lifespan?
What happens to autonomy, leadership, dominance, and ambition across the lifespan?
What happens to autonomy, leadership, dominance, and ambition across the lifespan?
What is the term for predictable changes in manifestations or outcomes of personality factors over time?
What is the term for predictable changes in manifestations or outcomes of personality factors over time?
What is a trend observed across cohorts?
What is a trend observed across cohorts?
What happens to flexibility and impulsivity across the lifespan?
What happens to flexibility and impulsivity across the lifespan?
What is a sex difference observed in self-esteem from adolescence to adulthood?
What is a sex difference observed in self-esteem from adolescence to adulthood?
What happens to competence across the lifespan?
What happens to competence across the lifespan?
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Study Notes
Measurement Issues in Personality Psychology
- Social desirability: the tendency to answer questions in a way that appears socially attractive or likable
- Internal changes: changes that occur within a person, not due to external environmental factors
- Enduring changes: changes that are long-lasting over time, not temporary
Careless Responding and Faking on Questionnaires
- Infrequency scales: items that few people would answer in a certain way, used to detect careless responding
- Duplicate items: spaced far apart in the survey to detect careless responding
- Faking good: attempting to appear better adjusted than one actually is
- Faking bad: attempting to appear worse off than one actually is
- Disclosure index: measures whether a client is inclined to be frank and self-revealing or reticent and secretive
- Desirability index: measures the degree to which the results appear socially attractive, morally virtuous, or emotionally well-reserved
- Debasement index: measures the tendency to deprecate or devalue oneself by presenting more troublesome emotional and personal difficulties
Response Sets
- Acquiescence: the tendency to agree with items, regardless of content
- Extreme responding: the tendency to give endpoint responses
Personality Development and Stability
- Three key forms of stability:
- Rank order stability: maintaining an individual's position within a group over time
- Mean level stability: constancy of level in a population over time
- Personal coherence: maintaining rank order relative to others, but changing manifestations of the trait over time
- Infancy: moderate levels of stability in temperament variables during the first year of life
- Childhood: moderate levels of stability in activity level and aggression
- Adulthood: moderate to high levels of stability in the big 5 personality traits, with rank order stability found across multiple measures
Personality Change
- Changes in self-esteem from adolescence to adulthood: females decrease, males increase
- Autonomy, leadership, dominance, and ambition increase over time
- Flexibility and impulsivity decrease over lifespan
- Sensation seeking increases from childhood to adolescence, then falls continuously after 20s
- Femininity: drops from early 40s to 50s, with pressure to look a certain way decreasing with age
- Competence: self-perceived women increase, men stable
- Independence and traditional roles: general increase over time
- Changes in time across cohorts:
- Increase in narcissism in Western culture
- Self-sufficiency: more access to info and opportunities
- Education
- Assertiveness
Coherence Over Time
- Predictable changes in manifestations or outcomes of personality factors over time, even if underlying characteristics remain stable
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