Measurement Errors and Physical Quantities Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Why does a red blood cell shrink when placed in a NaCl solution?

  • The solution is isotonic.
  • The osmotic pressure in the RBC is higher than in the solution.
  • The solution is hypertonic. (correct)
  • The solution has a lower osmotic pressure than the RBC.

What characterizes the blood flow dynamics in the arterial vascular network?

  • Large arteries are elastic. (correct)
  • Blood flow is independent of viscosity.
  • Blood velocity in capillaries is high.
  • Low velocity in large arteries.

Which statement about the electrical axis of the heart is correct?

  • The most probable orientation is 90°.
  • The electrical axis is generally constant at 0°.
  • The most probable heart electrical axis orientation is 30°. (correct)
  • The electrical axis can be determined from lead DIII.

What is an effect of osmolality on plasma?

<p>It indicates the solute concentration in plasma. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property of gases is influenced by varying conditions?

<p>Mass density varies with composition and conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of systematic errors in measurements?

<p>They consistently impact accuracy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do Van der Waals forces play in molecular interactions?

<p>They are weak but crucial for attraction between molecules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does not influence blood flow dynamics?

<p>Skeletal muscle activity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ECG provide insight into cardiac health?

<p>It reflects the heart’s electrical axis and potential abnormalities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which environment will a red blood cell likely swell?

<p>In a hypotonic solution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of measurement error consistently affects the accuracy of repeated measurements?

<p>Systematic error (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dimensional equation of pressure represented as?

<p>[P] = M imes L^{-1} imes T^{-2} (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Van der Waals forces is incorrect?

<p>They are stronger than intramolecular forces. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the calculated osmolality of plasma using the given constant?

<p>0.28 osmol/kg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the gaseous state’s behavior regarding volume?

<p>It has variable mass density. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a gas mixture, what does the molar fraction represent?

<p>The number of moles of the gas per total number of moles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT directly affect the electrical potential produced by a dipole?

<p>Medium surrounding the dipole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does the work of a force become negative?

<p>When displacement opposes the force (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What statement about blood flow at low speeds is false?

<p>Viscosity decreases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which assertion regarding Bernoulli’s theorem is incorrect?

<p>It is irrelevant for laminar flow situations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Measurement Error

The difference between a measured value and the true value.

Bernoulli's Theorem

The sum of the kinetic, potential, and pressure energies of a fluid remains constant as it flows horizontally.

Blood Aggregation

The tendency of red blood cells to clump together, increasing viscosity, especially at lower flow speeds.

Electrical Potential of a Dipole

The force exerted by a dipole is directly proportional to the dipole length and the electric charge.

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Molar Fraction of a Gas

The number of moles of the gas per total number of moles in the mixture, representing the gas's relative abundance.

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Electromigration

The migration of charged particles across a membrane due to the influence of an electric field.

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Diffusion

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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Negative Work

The negative of the product of the force and the displacement, indicating that the force opposes the motion.

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Molality

A quantity that describes the amount of dissolved solute per unit mass of solvent.

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Convection Forces

Forces that drive fluid flow through a membrane, such as pressure differences.

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What happens to a red blood cell in a hypertonic solution?

When a red blood cell is placed in a solution with a higher concentration of solutes (hypertonic), water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink.

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What is the characteristic of large arteries in the arterial vascular network?

Large arteries are elastic, allowing them to expand and contract with each heartbeat, helping to maintain blood pressure.

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What is the characteristic of blood velocity in capillaries?

Blood velocity is low in capillaries, allowing for efficient exchange of gases and nutrients between the blood and tissues.

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What is the ECG reading in lead DIII for a normal heart?

The ECG shows a flat or zero-amplitude QRS complex in lead DIII, indicating that the electrical activity of the heart is oriented in a specific direction.

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What is the ECG reading in lead aVL for a normal heart?

The ECG shows a positive amplitude in lead aVL, indicating that the electrical activity of the heart is oriented towards the left arm.

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What is the most probable heart electrical axis orientation based on specific ECG readings?

The heart’s electrical axis is most likely oriented at 30 degrees, indicating that the electrical impulse travels in a specific direction through the heart.

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What is a systematic error?

Systematic errors consistently affect the accuracy of measurements, leading to a biased or inaccurate result.

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What are Van der Waals forces?

Van der Waals forces are weak forces of attraction between molecules, essential for many biological interactions.

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What do osmolality and cryoscopic depression indicate?

Osmolality and cryoscopic depression are properties of solutions used to determine the concentration of solutes present.

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How do gas properties like molar fraction and mass density vary?

Gas properties such as molar fraction and mass density vary depending on the composition and conditions of the gas mixture.

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Study Notes

Measurement Errors and Physical Quantities

  • Measurement error can be systematic
  • Dimensional equation for pressure: [P] = M * L-1 * T-2
  • Temperature is an intensive quantity

Van der Waals Forces

  • Van der Waals forces are physical interactions
  • They are weaker than intramolecular forces

Cryoscopic Depression and Osmolality of Plasma

  • Cryoscopic depression in plasma is 0.53°C
  • Osmolality of plasma is 0.28 osmol/kg (using K = 1.86°C·kg·mol-1)

Gaseous State

  • Gases are fluids
  • Gases have variable mass density

Gas Mixture – Molar Fraction

  • Molar fraction represents the number of moles of a gas divided by the total number of moles in the mixture
  • Molar fraction is equal to the volume of the gas divided by the total volume of the mixture

Solution Properties – Molality

  • Molality is the number of moles of solute per mass of solvent

Electrical Potential of a Dipole

  • Electrical potential of a dipole is proportional to the dipole length and the electric charge
  • Electrical potential is expressed in Volts

Work of a Force

  • Work done by a force is negative when displacement opposes the force
  • Work done by a force is negative when the speed of displacement decreases

Blood Flow and Viscosity

  • When blood flows slowly, viscosity increases
  • Red blood cells tend to aggregate when blood flows slowly

Fluid Dynamics – Bernoulli and Poiseuille Laws

  • Bernoulli's theorem: The sum of kinetic, potential, and pressure energies is constant for a horizontally flowing fluid.
  • Poiseuille's law: Resistance to fluid flow decreases when pipe diameter increases.

Diffusion and Electromigration of Particles

  • Diffusion is migration due to a concentration gradient
  • Electromigration of negatively charged ions through a membrane is influenced by the potential difference
  • Ion flow increases with increasing potential difference and ion mobility

Convection Forces

  • Convection involves pressure forces

Nernst Equation – Membrane Potential

  • Membrane potential is influenced by temperature
  • Membrane potential depends on ion concentration on both sides of the membrane

Osmotic Effects on Red Blood Cells (RBC)

  • RBCs shrink in hypertonic solutions
  • Osmotic pressure is higher in the solution than inside the RBC when the solution is hypertonic

Arterial Vascular Network

  • Large arteries are elastic
  • Blood velocity in capillaries is low

Electrocardiography (ECG) and Heart Electrical Axis

  • ECG shows an isoelectric QRS complex in lead DIII and a positive amplitude in lead aVL
  • The most probable heart electrical axis orientation is 30°

Key Concepts to Remember

  • Measurement errors affect accuracy consistently.
  • Van der Waals forces are essential for molecular interactions.
  • Osmolality and cryoscopic depression indicate solute concentration in plasma.
  • Gas properties vary with composition and conditions.
  • Blood flow dynamics depend on viscosity and pipe diameter.
  • Electrical potentials explain membrane potentials.
  • Osmotic effects show responses to hypertonic/hypotonic environments.
  • The vascular system maintains efficient circulation.
  • ECG readings show heart electrical axis orientation for diagnosis.

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