Questions and Answers
What are the aspirations or desires of people that they work towards?
Goals for which they want to lead their lives
What is meant by development in the context of a country?
All-round development, including freedom, participative involvement, economic equality, security, life with dignity, and a good standard of living.
Why may development be contrasting and conflicting for different people?
Because people have different developmental goals.
What are the two aspects of development highlighted in the context of big dams?
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What should be prioritized in national development?
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What is the term used to describe the income of all residents of a country over a period of time?
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Why is Per Capita Income a better measure for comparing countries?
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According to the World Bank, what is the classification of countries with a Per Capita Income of $2500 or less?
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What is the limitation of using income as the sole criteria for judging a country's development?
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Which state has the lowest Infant Mortality Rate according to the comparative table?
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Study Notes
Development and Its Aspects
- Development refers to the improvement in people's lives, driven by their goals and aspirations, which can be conflicting and contrasting.
- It encompasses various aspects, including freedom, participative involvement, economic equality, security, life with dignity, and good standard of living.
Different People, Different Goals
- People have different goals, leading to different developmental goals, which may not be the same for everyone.
- Development for one person may not be development for another, and may even be destructive for them.
Income and Other Goals
- Income is a crucial component of development, as it enables the purchase of material goods and services.
- However, people also seek non-material goals, such as equal treatment, freedom, security, respect, and a good working atmosphere.
- Developmental goals include both economic development and a better quality of life.
National Development
- National development involves prioritizing goals that benefit a large number of people.
- Choosing a fair and just path that benefits many is essential for national development.
Comparing Countries or States
- Countries are compared based on their national income, but this is not a useful measure due to varying populations.
- Per capita income (PCI) provides a better comparison, calculated by dividing total income by total population.
World Bank Classification
- The World Bank publishes an annual World Development Report, which classifies countries based on PCI as:
- High-income countries (PCI above $49,300 per annum)
- Low-income countries (PCI of $2,500 or less)
- India's PCI was approximately $6,700 per annum in 2019, making it a low-middle-income country.
Development Beyond Income
- Development should be judged on criteria beyond income, such as:
- Infant mortality rate
- Literacy rate
- Net attendance ratio (secondary stage)
- A comparative analysis of Haryana, Kerala, and Bihar reveals that:
- Haryana has the highest PCI, but Kerala has the lowest infant mortality rate and highest literacy rate.
- Bihar has the lowest PCI and highest infant mortality rate.
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Description
Understanding the concept of development, its relation to personal goals, and its applications to a country's overall growth and well-being.
