1.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY
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1.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY

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Questions and Answers

what is the meaning and language of alkimia?

arabic, the art of transformation

the study of composition, structure, properties and change of matter.

Chemistry

the science of matter a n d the change it undergoes through chemical reactions.

Chemistry

It is more on the composition, behavior, s t r u c t u r e a n d p r o p e r t i e s of m a t t e r.

<p>Chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is the meaning and language of the word “keme”?

<p>arab latinized, value</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is the meaning and language of the word “khemia”?

<p>egyptian, transmutation of earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is the meaning and language of the word “khymeia”?

<p>greek, alloying of metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is the meaning and language of the word “khumeia”?

<p>casting together</p> Signup and view all the answers

when does chemistry begin?

<p>when we started using FIRE</p> Signup and view all the answers

when did humans started using fire?

<p>about 750,000 years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

what are the earliest examples of chemistry?

<p>pigments for dyes, fire hardening of clay, pure metals from ores, first alloy, smelting of fe, use of natural pigments and juices to preserve bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

what year did humans started to make cermaics out of fire hardening of clays?

<p>about 8000 bc</p> Signup and view all the answers

when did humans started to isolate pure metals from ores?

<p>about 4000 bc</p> Signup and view all the answers

when did humans started to make the first alloys

<p>about 2000 bc</p> Signup and view all the answers

smelting of fe year

<p>about 1500 bc</p> Signup and view all the answers

egyptians used natural pigments and juices to preserve bodies year

<p>900 bc</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first chemical reaction

<p>Fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

the first ones to utilize chem without realizing it

<p>greeks, indians, egyptians</p> Signup and view all the answers

purifying of metals was recognized by - in year -

<p>egyptians, 2600 bc</p> Signup and view all the answers

the discovery of allots started in - in year of -

<p>egypt and mesopotamia, 3300 bc</p> Signup and view all the answers

advancement in alchemy and metallury were made in -

<p>india</p> Signup and view all the answers

practice associated with myticism and protoscience

<p>alchemy</p> Signup and view all the answers

alchemist was also known as - bc theyre believed to have powers that science cabt explain

<p>gold cooks</p> Signup and view all the answers

alchemists were believed to have the ability to:

<p>find a cure for bubonic plague, turn metal base to gold, find an elixr of life (panacea), medicine to improve life</p> Signup and view all the answers

they translated greek and Egyptian works into arabic and made systematic and experimental approach to alchemy.

<p>muslims, jabr ibn hayyan</p> Signup and view all the answers

around 420 bc, - stated that all matter is made up of four elemental substances: earth, fire, air, water.

<p>ancient civilization - epgyptians</p> Signup and view all the answers

introduced the concepts like elements, atoms, shapes of atoms, and chemical combinations

<p>greek civilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

empirical formula, new theoretical knowledge, political life, military, others

<p>roman civilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

middle east and north africa like the arabic culture, arabic number system, algebra and alchemy

<p>dark ages</p> Signup and view all the answers

alchemy wad the basis of chemistry during this period.

<p>renaissance period</p> Signup and view all the answers

father of chemistry

<p>Antoine-Laurent De Lavoisier</p> Signup and view all the answers

branches of chemistry

<p>physical, bio, organic, inorganic, analytical</p> Signup and view all the answers

by 1000 bc, ancient civilizations were applying different branches of chemistry like:

<p>purifying metal, dying cloths, embalming, food making</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Chemistry

  • Chemistry is the study of composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter.
  • The discipline examines chemical reactions that alter matter.

Origins of the Term "Alchemy"

  • The word "alchemy" is derived from several ancient terms:
    • "Keme" refers to the Egyptian word for black.
    • "Khemia" connects to Egyptian land, indicating the origins of alchemy.
    • "Khymeia" implies transmutation or transformation processes.
    • "Khumeia" encompasses the notion of the study of matter.

Historical Beginnings

  • Chemistry's foundation dates back to early human history, with significant milestones:
    • Fire usage began approximately 1 million years ago.
    • Early examples of chemistry include the production of fire, metalwork, and fermentation.
    • Humans started creating ceramics around 29,000 BC through the hardening of clay with fire.
    • Isolation of pure metals from ores commenced around 3000 BC.
    • The first alloys were produced through the smelting of iron circa 1200 BC.

Ancient Civilizations and Chemistry

  • By 1000 BC, ancient civilizations applied various branches of chemistry, often unknowingly.
  • Egyptians utilized natural pigments and fluids for embalming around 3000 BC.
  • The purifying of metals was recognized by 1500 BC, marking early advancements in metallurgy.
  • The discovery of alloys began circa 1000 BC.

Alchemy and Mysticism

  • Alchemy was a blend of mysticism and proto-science, seen as the precursor to modern chemistry.
  • Alchemists were often regarded as seekers of divine knowledge due to their belief in the transformation of substances.
  • They possessed skills in translating Greek and Egyptian texts into Arabic, laying groundwork for systematic chemical study.

Philosophical Contributions

  • Around 420 BC, Empedocles posited that all matter is composed of four elemental substances: earth, fire, air, and water.
  • Important concepts introduced include elements, atoms, shapes of atoms, and chemical combinations.

Legacy of Alchemy

  • The Arabic culture significantly contributed to the progress of chemistry via alchemy, the Arabic numeral system, and algebra.
  • Alchemy served as the foundational basis for chemistry in medieval periods, leading to further exploration of chemical properties and reactions.
  • The title "Father of Chemistry" is often attributed to notable figures who advanced the field beyond alchemical practices.

Branches of Chemistry

  • Chemistry encompasses numerous branches, each focusing on specific areas such as organic, inorganic, physical, analytical, and biochemistry.

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