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Which structure within the Haversian system serves as a central space containing blood vessels and nerves?
What type of fracture is characterized by a break that creates a right angle along the shaft?
Which of the following structures are responsible for housing osteocytes within bone?
Which type of fracture occurs as a result of strong muscle pulling forces?
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What term describes the concentric layers of intercellular substance that surround the Haversian canal?
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Which type of fracture is caused by repetitive trauma?
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Which of the following classifications is used for open fractures?
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Which type of bone is characterized by having length greater than width?
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In bone architecture, what structure comes directly after the medullary canal?
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What is a common complication of a supracondylar fracture?
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Which type of fracture involves the atlas and is characterized as a burst fracture?
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Which classification is used for femoral neck fractures?
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Which type of bone is cuboidal in shape and has lengths almost equal to its width?
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Which type of fracture is classified as Grade 3 in the Salter-Harris classification?
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What is the primary role of osteoclasts in bone physiology?
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What percentage of bone composition is made up of organic materials?
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Which type of bone formation involves a gradual transformation of connective tissue to bone?
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In the Salter-Harris classification, what does Grade 4 involve?
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What is the primary structural component of the inorganic part of bone composition?
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What differentiates a complete fracture from an incomplete fracture?
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How do mesenchymal cells contribute to bone development during endochondral ossification?
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Which fracture is characterized by an interruption in blood supply that may lead to avascular necrosis (AVN)?
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What angle of angulation is indicated for the gutter splint in a clavicular fracture?
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Which type of fracture is described as an avulsion fracture of the iliac wing?
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What is the typical maximum weight for skin traction using adhesive rubber tips?
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Which fracture is specifically noted for a stress fracture of the 2nd metatarsal?
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What defines osteosclerosis in skeletal diseases?
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What is a key feature of osteopetrosis?
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Which of the following conditions is defined as a failure of a fracture to heal within the expected timeframe?
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What does a DEXA scan primarily assess?
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What term refers to the unsatisfactory alignment of bone healing after a fracture?
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Which type of traction allows for minimal movement while using screws and nails for fixation?
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Which of the following conditions can indicate the necessity for amputation?
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What distinguishes major amputations from minor amputations?
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Which type of amputation allows the use of prosthetics designed specifically for the upper extremity?
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In the context of osteoporosis, an individual with a bone mass density between -1.00 and -2.00 SD is classified as having:
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Which of the following types of amputation involves thorough removal through a joint?
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Study Notes
Bone Structure and Classification
- Bone is a highly specialized connective tissue with cells calcified in an organic osteoid matrix.
- Salter-Harris Classification categorizes epiphyseal plate fractures into five grades based on which parts of the bone are affected.
- Grade 1: Incomplete fracture through the epiphyseal plate.
- Grade 2: Involves the epiphyseal plate and a triangular segment of the metaphysis.
- Grade 3: Involves the epiphyseal plate and the epiphysis.
- Grade 4: Involves the epiphyseal plate, the epiphysis, and the metaphysis.
- Grade 5: Crushed epiphyseal plate.
Embryological Development of Bone
- Membranous ossification involves the gradual transformation of connective tissue into bone via an osteoid matrix, primarily in facial bones and the cranial vault.
- Endochondral ossification occurs when mesenchymal cells transform into cartilage, forming long bones, spine, and ribs.
Bone Cells and Composition
- Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation, while osteoclasts facilitate bone resorption.
- Normal bone health requires a balance of activities between osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
- Bone consists of approximately 30% organic material (collagen type 1) and 70% inorganic material (hydroxyapatite, phosphate, and carbonate), with water comprising about 10%.
Types of Fractures
- Fractures are classified as incomplete or complete based on the nature of bone breakage.
- Open fractures involve communication with surrounding tissues and may present with a wound, while closed fractures do not.
- Various fracture types include:
- Transverse: Right angle along the shaft.
- Oblique: Diagonal angle along the shaft.
- Comminuted: Bone is crushed into multiple fragments.
- Spiral: Caused by torsional forces, heals fastest.
Fractures in Different Body Regions
- Common upper extremity fractures include supracondylar fractures near the elbow joint, often leading to Volkmann’s ischemic contracture.
- Lower extremity fractures include femoral neck fractures, which can interrupt blood supply, risking avascular necrosis (AVN), and various others such as intertrochanteric and trimalleolar fractures.
Bone Healing Anomalies
- Delayed union: Failure of fractures to heal within typical timeframes (3-12 weeks for upper extremity, 12-18 weeks for lower extremity).
- Malunion: Fractured bones heal in an unsatisfactory alignment.
- Osteosclerosis: Dense regions in bone, exemplified by conditions like osteopetrosis, characterized by "bone in a bone" appearance due to ineffective osteoclastic activity.
Osteoporosis
- Defined by a bone mass density 2.5 standard deviations below normal; osteopenia is a less severe mid-point.
- Known as a "silent disease" due to lack of symptoms until fracture occurs; assessed using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA).
Amputation
- Amputation involves the removal of a body part, either congenital or acquired.
- Types include:
- Major: Above the MCP and MTP joints.
- Minor: Below the MCP and MTP joints.
- Disarticulation: Amputation through a joint.
- Indications for amputation include vascular disease, infections, trauma, tumors, or congenital anomalies.
Terminology Related to Amputation
- Cineplastic: Designed for upper extremity prosthetic use.
- Krukenberg: Separation of the radius and ulna to form a pinching mechanism.
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Description
This quiz focuses on fracture and bone disorders, specifically examining the Salter-Harris classification. Participants will explore the types of fractures associated with the epiphyseal plate and metaphysis. Ideal for students in medical or health sciences, this quiz tests knowledge on fundamental bone structures and classifications.