MCQs in Microbiology: History

Here are your study notes:

• The book is titled " एमसीक्यूs in Microbiology"
• Written by G. Vidya Sagar
• Published by New Age International Publishers

Chapter 1: History of Microbiology

• Multiple choice questions (MCQs) are used to assess a candidate's ability to apply their acquired knowledge
• Framing MCQ papers takes time, but evaluating answers is easy and removes subjectivity
• MCQ-based evaluations can be computerized and eliminate human bias
• Knowledge of microbiology is essential for students in medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, and nursing
• This book is designed to complement microbiology textbooks, offer feedback, and serve as a self-assessment guide
• Multiple choice questions need to prepared with care for the reader to find the correct choice
• The recommendations and criticism about how the questions stimulate are welcome
• Pasteur found that living organisms discriminate between stereoisomers
• The principle light-trapping pigment molecule in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria is chlorophyll a
• During the biogeochemical cycle, some elemental carbon is used by microorganisms through a process called immobilization
• John Tyndall demonstrated that open tubes of broth remained free of bacteria when air was free of dust
• Reverse isolation is appropriate for a patient with tuberculosis
• The symptom "general feeling of illness and discomfort" is called malaise
• Rhizobium forms a symbiotic relationship on soybean plants
• Alfred D. Hershey and Martha Chase provided evidence that bacteriophage nucleic acid, not protein, enters the host cell during infection in 1952
• Spirulina belongs to Cyanophyceae
• The first antibody to contact invading microorganisms is IgM
• The light emitted by luminescent bacteria is mediated by the enzyme luciferase
• Phagemid vectors are used in the Human Genome Project
• Salt and sugar preserves food because they produce a hypertonic environment
• Objective lenses in a fluorescent microscope are made of quartz
• Atmospheric nitrogen fixation occurs through biological processes, lightning, and ultraviolet light
• Candida albicans is a serious fungal threat in bone marrow transplant units
• A direct microscopic count can be done with the aid of a Neuberg chamber
• Compound microscopes produce virtual images
• Ketolase and Zymase are enzymes responsible for alcoholic fermentation
• Ascospores are spores produced sexually
• Bacterial transformation was discovered by Griffith
• The Father of Microbiology is A.V. Leeuwenhock
• The antiseptic method was 1st demonstrated by Lord Lister
• Edward Jenner discovered the smallpox vaccine
• Hugo de Vries coined the term mutation
• Compound microscopes were discovered by Johnsen & Hans
• Pasteur the Father of Medical Microbiology is
• A disease that affects many people at different countries is a pandemic
• Prophylaxis of cholera includes protected water supply, environmental sanitation, and immunization with killed vaccines
• Magnetic coils are used as the objective lens in an electron microscope
• A key feature of prokaryotic organisms is the absence of a nuclear envelope
• The stalked particles on the cristae of mitochondria are called peroxisomes
• Antiseptic methods were first introduced by Lord Lister
• Prions are caused Kuru disease in humans
• A nonsense mutation produces a termination codon
• Genetic material will be transferred by Pili during conjugation.
• Antiseptic surgery was discovered by Joseph Lister
• Tuberculosis is generally airborne
• Phagocytosis was discovered by Metchnikoff
• Meosomes are also called chondroids
• The hybridoma technique was first discovered by Kohler and Milstein
• Minimum bacteria to produce clinical evidence in a susceptible animal is MLD
• Tungsten is the source of electrons in electron microscope
• Griffith reported transformation in Pneumococci
• The resolution of a compound microscope is 0.2 micron
• Capability of a strain to produce disease is known as virulence
• Monoclonal antibodies are associated with Milstein kohler
• Lederberg and Tatum (1946) described conjugation transformation
• Robert Koch introduced the hanging drop method for motility study
• Electron microscope magnifies up to 2,000,000X
• Pasteur coined the term "vaccine"
• Antony von invented the microscope
• Modern concepts of chemotherapy was proposed by Paul Ehrlich
• Elie Metchikoff discovered the role of phagocytosis
• Klein Berger discovered L-forms
• The causative organism of rocky mountain spotted fever was first described by Howard Ricketts da Rocha-lima
• De'Herelle coined termed is the bacteriophage is
• The eye cannot resolve any image less than 5ìm
• Compound Microscope was discovered by Janssen and Hans
• Electron Microscope was discovered by Knoll and Ruska.
• Magnification range of the light microscope is 1000x – 2000x
• Condenser condenses light in a light microscope
• Light gathering capacity of a microscope is numerical aperture
• Used 10x & 40x objectives (with air), numerical aperture is 1.0
• Klein Berger discovered L-forms
• Microscope ability to distinguish into two separate objects is resolving power
• The limit of resolution of compound microscopes is 0.1 mm
• Fluorescence microscopy uses a mercury lamp for light
• 1927 Gabor is the one who Perfeeted the magentic lens
• Amplification power of electron microscopes developed by Knoll and Ruska is 12,000x
• A tungsten metal is a electron microscopes source
• Secondary electrons are the ones passed out from the specimen
• Frank first observed the mycorrhizas
• Avery Macleod & Mc.Carthy that the transfer of genetic material
• Elie Matchnikoff proposed the Phagocytic theory
• Parter & Richet first observed Anaphylaxis
• Seratonin is primary mediator in anaphylaxis
• Marrice Arthus first discovered the Arthus reation
• Marrice Arthus discovered the serum sickness reaction
• Kochler & Milston devired the hybridoma technique
• Disease at the effects that many people at dierent countries termed as Pandemic
• If the vectors mechanically transit the infection
• If a person can be infected direct contact with in fected tissue is direct contact transmission
• Reduction if virulence is attenuatiion
• Enhancemnct of virulence is Exaltation
• the virulence of pathogen is usually measured ID
• Rosembach isolated the staphylococcus aureus
• Schorecter and Gessard the Pseudimonas
• Scauidin and hofrnan the pallidum
• neiser in 1879 the neiserra gonorhea
• standsteiner and Weiner the RH

Chapter 2: Bacteria and Gram Staining

• Cold-like symptoms can be caused by Haemophilus influenza
• In Streptococcus fecalis, conjugation takes place at the pili
• Infected mad dogs may contain Negri bodies
• The Nesser produces measles
• Rancidity in spoiled due foods is due to Lipolytic organisms
• The bacterium most commonly used in genetic engineering is Escherichia
• DNA replication is one of the funcitons of p;asmid functions
• Mycoplasmas cells cannot reproduce on artificial media
• The etiologic agent of botulism generates a neurotoxin
• Bacterial cells exhibit peak metabolic activity during the log phase
• Protein particles can that infect cells are known as Prions
• In most purple bacteria, light-harvesting centers are at B 850 & B 875
• Endotoxin in gram-negative bacteria are present in the lipopolysaccharide
• Chemilitotropic bacteria that are gram-negative is the Siderococcus
• is the Aseptated Binary fission reproduction that occurs in mycoplasma
• Herpes exhibit an Icosahedral envelope
• Appearance to solids on which of the are typical fried egg appearance colonies Mycoplasms
• Specific Sodium chloride Osmophile with is what an of requirements resembles, resemblance is,
• All cells from a are single derived called single cell Clone is the population
• produce the Only are lactic heterolactic ,acid produces, which Bacteria acids as,
• was not produced ,conjunction following During ,process which, process the the the are process that,

Chapter 3: Sterilisation, Culture Media & Pure Culture Techniques

• EMB agar filters the membrane used in the technique medium
• Lysol are the sterlization technique which
• Neutral stained the are wich
• Peptone water is semi synthetic medium
• Dessication is frozen dehydrated cells which are the
• Micro organism sterilized technique
• All killed cell at temp required
• Media composition is complex
• Elkes toxin was the diphtheria detected
• Temp is pasteuric for one the
• Seperation, bacteria calling the technique
• Ionzination is rays
• thymme is uv days
• above that food called
• Spores has have no effects on spores of sterilazation are
• The most indetified is microcise the can
• Atmospere the is
• Pasturaization is on is tempuratuer
• So suspenced called
• Algar rich is protein
• Lisin produces
• Styziliazation is means lyponization
• Tempareture had to the tempuratuer on was
• Effecenct indicats for the phenol that cofficient
• Estimation with is for to agar
• For is alga
• Medium what culter and the orgaizems called
• engehicment and for is entancemnt
• temp is clamed for sterilzations called
• But the spores are and algerdahyde and sterizing
• Glass sterilzed for all to are in are the
• Tindul was alled
• Cultivate is for that call
• for Pasture all and that orgaizems call be
• The call that on a thempretuee is for the tempreatue in sterilzation
• the Medusiam and nutrints for call
• For is calium

Chapter 4: General Properties of Microorganisms

• Cyanide and carbin will effects on respiration
• virus were the frist observed is hepititis
• aerobic orgaisem in yielding is emp
• agents by infections call are comniuacable
• sell call cycle that for
• protinous compund is aminoia by protifations bacteria
• call can become fasied for Hypertonic solutions
• mutation caused the that subustio of the amino acid is poinyted are the to is that
• formtions of the is colchiozons proccess
• Imporatnt call the for by
• the primiy mod that virus polimitis with is to
• gentis is to that to the is

Chapter 5: Bacterial Nutrition

• The product aerobic a is what for
• Protiens of enzyme by are what is by
• Vitaman excel the cell oraginisms to was in the
• Anareobic calling has and for is medium
• Bod are induslity to boides for and the
• Competion for and to by enzieums inhibions
• Cell protiens been that singele that

Chapter 6: Bacterial Growth

• Plamisd and for is antibiotic meduatited
• and is the and agosim
• curv called for and for caled grapth proccess
• transpotied bacetiru in a negtivet grapth what
• procut wasted and nucrlent
• celks actiove by the and and sythszing caled
• fattis and metobies gluocose what for