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Questions and Answers

What is learning?

A lasting change in behavior or mental process that results from experience.

What does habituation refer to?

  • A learned preference for stimuli
  • A form of classical conditioning
  • Learning to respond to a stimulus
  • Learning not to respond to a repeated stimulus (correct)
  • What is the mere exposure effect?

    A learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed.

    Define behavioral learning.

    <p>Forms of learning, such as classical conditioning, that can be described in terms of stimuli and responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is classical conditioning?

    <p>A form of behavioral learning in which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the power to elicit the same innate reflex produced by another stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a neutral stimulus refer to in classical conditioning?

    <p>Any stimulus that produces no conditioned response prior to learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

    <p>In classical conditioning, the stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an unconditioned response (UR)?

    <p>In classical conditioning, the response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is acquisition?

    <p>The initial learning stage in classical conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

    <p>A previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit the conditioned response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a conditioned response (CR)?

    <p>In classical conditioning, a response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does extinction mean in classical conditioning?

    <p>The weakening of a conditioned response in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is spontaneous recovery?

    <p>The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a time delay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stimulus generalization?

    <p>The extension of learned responses to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stimulus discrimination?

    <p>A change in response to one stimulus but not to stimuli that are similar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is experimental neurosis?

    <p>A pattern of erratic behavior resulting from a demanding discrimination learning task.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is taste-aversion learning?

    <p>A biological tendency in which an organism learns to avoid a certain taste after it is associated with illness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an operant?

    <p>An observable, voluntary behavior that an organism emits to operate on the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define operant conditioning.

    <p>A form of behavioral learning in which the probability of a response is changed by its consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the law of effect?

    <p>The idea that responses that produce desirable results are learned or 'stamped' into the organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reinforcer?

    <p>A condition that occurs after a response and strengthens that response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is positive reinforcement?

    <p>A stimulus presented after a response that increases the probability of that response happening again.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is negative reinforcement?

    <p>The removal of an unpleasant or aversive stimulus contingent on a particular behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an operant chamber?

    <p>A boxlike apparatus programmed to deliver reinforcers and punishments based on an animal's behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are reinforcer contingencies?

    <p>Relationships between a response and the changes in stimulation that follow the response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is continuous reinforcement?

    <p>A type of reinforcement schedule by which all correct responses are reinforced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does shaping mean in operant learning?

    <p>An operant learning technique in which new behavior is produced by reinforcing responses similar to the desired response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Concepts

    • Learning is defined as a lasting change in behavior or mental processes resulting from experience.
    • Habituation is the process of learning not to respond to a repeated stimulus.
    • The mere exposure effect indicates a learned preference for stimuli encountered previously.

    Behavioral Learning

    • Behavioral learning encompasses forms such as classical conditioning, focusing on stimuli and responses.

    Classical Conditioning

    • Classical conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus gains the ability to elicit an innate reflex through association with an unconditioned stimulus (US).
    • The unconditioned stimulus (US) automatically elicits an unconditioned response (UR) without prior learning.
    • Acquisition is the initial stage of classical conditioning where the conditioned response (CR) is elicited by the conditioned stimulus (CS).
    • The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS) after being paired with the US.

    Responses and Extinctions

    • The conditioned response (CR) is the learned response triggered by the conditioned stimulus (CS).
    • Extinction occurs when the conditioned response weakens in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus.
    • Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of time.

    Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination

    • Stimulus generalization is the transfer of a learned response to stimuli that are similar to the CS.
    • Stimulus discrimination involves a change in response to one stimulus while maintaining a different response to similar stimuli.

    Special Learning Patterns

    • Experimental neurosis manifests as erratic behavior from challenging discrimination tasks, especially involving aversive stimuli.
    • Taste-aversion learning is a biological tendency to avoid certain foods after a single negative experience, like illness after consumption.

    Operant Conditioning

    • Operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors influenced by their consequences (reinforcements or punishments).
    • The law of effect suggests that behaviors leading to desirable outcomes are likely to be repeated.

    Reinforcement Types

    • A reinforcer is any condition that follows a response and strengthens it, which can involve presenting or removing a stimulus.
    • Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a response by presenting a favorable stimulus.
    • Negative reinforcement strengthens a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus.

    Behavioral Apparatus and Techniques

    • An operant chamber, or Skinner box, is a device designed to deliver reinforcements and punishments based on an animal's behavior.
    • Reinforcer contingencies refer to the relationships between a response and its subsequent stimulus changes.
    • Continuous reinforcement provides a reward for every correct response, promoting learning.
    • Shaping is a technique used to create a new behavior by reinforcing successive approximations to the desired behavior.

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