Untitled Quiz

Learning Concepts

• Learning is defined as a lasting change in behavior or mental processes resulting from experience.
• Habituation is the process of learning not to respond to a repeated stimulus.
• The mere exposure effect indicates a learned preference for stimuli encountered previously.

Behavioral Learning

• Behavioral learning encompasses forms such as classical conditioning, focusing on stimuli and responses.

Classical Conditioning

• Classical conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus gains the ability to elicit an innate reflex through association with an unconditioned stimulus (US).
• The unconditioned stimulus (US) automatically elicits an unconditioned response (UR) without prior learning.
• Acquisition is the initial stage of classical conditioning where the conditioned response (CR) is elicited by the conditioned stimulus (CS).
• The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS) after being paired with the US.

Responses and Extinctions

• The conditioned response (CR) is the learned response triggered by the conditioned stimulus (CS).
• Extinction occurs when the conditioned response weakens in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus.
• Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of time.

Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination

• Stimulus generalization is the transfer of a learned response to stimuli that are similar to the CS.
• Stimulus discrimination involves a change in response to one stimulus while maintaining a different response to similar stimuli.

Special Learning Patterns

• Experimental neurosis manifests as erratic behavior from challenging discrimination tasks, especially involving aversive stimuli.
• Taste-aversion learning is a biological tendency to avoid certain foods after a single negative experience, like illness after consumption.

Operant Conditioning

• Operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors influenced by their consequences (reinforcements or punishments).
• The law of effect suggests that behaviors leading to desirable outcomes are likely to be repeated.

Reinforcement Types

• A reinforcer is any condition that follows a response and strengthens it, which can involve presenting or removing a stimulus.
• Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a response by presenting a favorable stimulus.
• Negative reinforcement strengthens a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus.

Behavioral Apparatus and Techniques

• An operant chamber, or Skinner box, is a device designed to deliver reinforcements and punishments based on an animal's behavior.
• Reinforcer contingencies refer to the relationships between a response and its subsequent stimulus changes.
• Continuous reinforcement provides a reward for every correct response, promoting learning.
• Shaping is a technique used to create a new behavior by reinforcing successive approximations to the desired behavior.