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Questions and Answers
What is learning?
A lasting change in behavior or mental process that results from experience.
What does habituation refer to?
What is the mere exposure effect?
A learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed.
Define behavioral learning.
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What is classical conditioning?
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What does a neutral stimulus refer to in classical conditioning?
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What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
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What is an unconditioned response (UR)?
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What is acquisition?
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What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?
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What is a conditioned response (CR)?
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What does extinction mean in classical conditioning?
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What is spontaneous recovery?
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What is stimulus generalization?
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What is stimulus discrimination?
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What is experimental neurosis?
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What is taste-aversion learning?
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What is an operant?
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Define operant conditioning.
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What is the law of effect?
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What is a reinforcer?
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What is positive reinforcement?
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What is negative reinforcement?
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What is an operant chamber?
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What are reinforcer contingencies?
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What is continuous reinforcement?
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What does shaping mean in operant learning?
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Study Notes
Learning Concepts
- Learning is defined as a lasting change in behavior or mental processes resulting from experience.
- Habituation is the process of learning not to respond to a repeated stimulus.
- The mere exposure effect indicates a learned preference for stimuli encountered previously.
Behavioral Learning
- Behavioral learning encompasses forms such as classical conditioning, focusing on stimuli and responses.
Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus gains the ability to elicit an innate reflex through association with an unconditioned stimulus (US).
- The unconditioned stimulus (US) automatically elicits an unconditioned response (UR) without prior learning.
- Acquisition is the initial stage of classical conditioning where the conditioned response (CR) is elicited by the conditioned stimulus (CS).
- The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS) after being paired with the US.
Responses and Extinctions
- The conditioned response (CR) is the learned response triggered by the conditioned stimulus (CS).
- Extinction occurs when the conditioned response weakens in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus.
- Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of time.
Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination
- Stimulus generalization is the transfer of a learned response to stimuli that are similar to the CS.
- Stimulus discrimination involves a change in response to one stimulus while maintaining a different response to similar stimuli.
Special Learning Patterns
- Experimental neurosis manifests as erratic behavior from challenging discrimination tasks, especially involving aversive stimuli.
- Taste-aversion learning is a biological tendency to avoid certain foods after a single negative experience, like illness after consumption.
Operant Conditioning
- Operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors influenced by their consequences (reinforcements or punishments).
- The law of effect suggests that behaviors leading to desirable outcomes are likely to be repeated.
Reinforcement Types
- A reinforcer is any condition that follows a response and strengthens it, which can involve presenting or removing a stimulus.
- Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a response by presenting a favorable stimulus.
- Negative reinforcement strengthens a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus.
Behavioral Apparatus and Techniques
- An operant chamber, or Skinner box, is a device designed to deliver reinforcements and punishments based on an animal's behavior.
- Reinforcer contingencies refer to the relationships between a response and its subsequent stimulus changes.
- Continuous reinforcement provides a reward for every correct response, promoting learning.
- Shaping is a technique used to create a new behavior by reinforcing successive approximations to the desired behavior.
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